Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes a generator that causes electromagnetic waves to be incident on a sample, a receiver that receives electromagnetic waves reflected by the sample, and a controller that controls the generator and receiver. The sample includes a first layer on which the electromagnetic waves are incident and a second layer stacked on the first layer. The controller detects whether a third layer is present between the first and second layers based on the electromagnetic waves incident on the sample from the generator and the electromagnetic waves received by the receiver. The generator causes the electromagnetic waves to be incident at an angle such that the electromagnetic waves are totally reflected between the first and third layers and/or between the first and second layers.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus (10) includes a generator (121) that irradiates electromagnetic waves on a measurement target (M) including a substance that undergoes a structural transition from a first substance with an unstable structure to a second substance with a stable structure due to entry of a foreign substance, a receiver (122) that receives the electromagnetic waves including information on a spectroscopic spectrum of the measurement target (M), and a controller (116) that acquires the measured spectroscopic spectrum based on the electromagnetic waves received by the receiver (122), calculates ratio information between the first substance and the second substance based on the acquired measured spectroscopic spectrum, and generates diagnostic information regarding entry of the foreign substance based on the ratio information.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus (10) includes a generator (121) that irradiates electromagnetic waves on a measurement target (M) including a substance that undergoes a structural transition from a first substance with an unstable structure to a second substance with a stable structure due to entry of a foreign substance, a receiver (122) that receives the electromagnetic waves including information on a spectroscopic spectrum of the measurement target (M), and a controller (116) that acquires the measured spectroscopic spectrum based on the electromagnetic waves received by the receiver (122), calculates ratio information between the first substance and the second substance based on the acquired measured spectroscopic spectrum, and generates diagnostic information regarding entry of the foreign substance based on the ratio information.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus (10) is for measuring the state of a measurement target (M) that exhibits anomalous dispersion. The measurement apparatus (10) includes a controller (116) that acquires information on a spectroscopic spectrum of the measurement target (M), the spectroscopic spectrum being based on electromagnetic waves that are irradiated on the measurement target (M) and including a first frequency domain in which an effect of anomalous dispersion is observed and a second frequency domain adjacent to the first frequency domain. The controller (116) calculates a state of the measurement target (M) based on the acquired information on the spectroscopic spectrum.

Abstract: A measurement apparatus includes a generator that causes electromagnetic waves to be incident on a sample, a receiver that receives electromagnetic waves reflected by the sample, and a controller that controls the generator and receiver. The sample includes a first layer on which the electromagnetic waves are incident and a second layer stacked on the first layer. The controller detects whether a third layer is present between the first and second layers based on the electromagnetic waves incident on the sample from the generator and the electromagnetic waves received by the receiver. The generator causes the electromagnetic waves to be incident at an angle such that the electromagnetic waves are totally reflected between the first and third layers and/or between the first and second layers.

Abstract: A measurement system includes a detector configured to detect a contact state of a bubble with respect to a wall, the bubble being included in a fluid that is in contact with a wall, and a controller configured to acquire the state of at least one of the wall, the fluid, and the bubble based on the contact state of the bubble with respect to the wall.

Abstract: A battery monitoring device for real-time measurement and monitoring of a battery module driving an actual load and having a plurality battery cells connected together in series, has a plurality of power and impedance calculators provided for the respective battery cells, and configured to receive voltage signals and current signals from the battery cells, respectively and to measure instantaneous power values and internal impedance characteristics of the battery cells, respectively, and a battery module state manager configured to receive output data of the power and impedance calculators via an internal bus.

Abstract: There is provided a device for calculating impedances of a battery cell for respective frequency domains. The device includes: a Fourier transformation calculator configured to perform Fourier transformation on voltage waveform data and current waveform data, which are output from the battery cell, and calculate an impedance of the battery cell by dividing a Fourier transformation data of the voltage waveform data by a Fourier transformation data of the current waveform data; a circuit constant estimator configured to estimate circuit constants of a predetermined equivalent circuit model of the battery cell, based on the impedance calculated by the Fourier transformation calculator; and an impedance estimator configured to estimate impedances of the battery cell for respective frequency domains, based on the estimated circuit constants and the equivalent circuit mode.

Abstract: A battery monitoring device for real-time measurement and monitoring of a battery module driving an actual load and having a plurality battery cells connected together in series, has a plurality of power and impedance calculators provided for the respective battery cells, and configured to receive voltage signals and current signals from the battery cells, respectively and to measure instantaneous power values and internal impedance characteristics of the battery cells, respectively, and a battery module state manager configured to receive output data of the power and impedance calculators via an internal bus.

Abstract: There is provided a device for calculating impedances of a battery cell for respective frequency domains. The device includes: a Fourier transformation calculator configured to perform Fourier transformation on voltage waveform data and current waveform data, which are output from the battery cell, and calculate an impedance of the battery cell by dividing a Fourier transformation data of the voltage waveform data by a Fourier transformation data of the current waveform data; a circuit constant estimator configured to estimate circuit constants of a predetermined equivalent circuit model of the battery cell, based on the impedance calculated by the Fourier transformation calculator; and an impedance estimator configured to estimate impedances of the battery cell for respective frequency domains, based on the estimated circuit constants and the equivalent circuit mode.