Abstract: Stannic chloride is removed from organic solvent-based waste streams by precipitating the salt as a dimethyl sulfoxide complex.

Abstract: Improved process for converting a penicillin sulfoxide ester to a 2-chlorosulfinylazetidin-4-one intermediate which on cyclization affords a 3-exomethylenecepham sulfoxide, wherein the penicillin sulfoxide ester is reacted with an N-chloro halogenating agent in the presence of a cross-linked polyvinylpyridine polymer to provide the 2-chlorosulfinylazetidin-4-one.

Abstract: N-chlorophthalimide, N-chlorosuccinimide, and N-chloroglutarimide are prepared by contacting the corresponding imide with molecular chlorine under substantially non-aqueous conditions in an inert organic solvent in the presence of a poly(4-vinylpyridine)-divinylbenzene copolymer.

Abstract: Process for 3-exomethylenecepham sulfoxides comprising reacting a 2-chlorosulfinylazetidin-4-one ester with stannic chloride in the presence of oxo compounds, for example lower alkyl ethers and lower alkyl ketones, to form a stannic chloride complex with 2-chlorosulfinylazetidinone stabilized with said oxo compounds which, upon treatment with an hydroxy-containing compound such as methyl alcohol, decomposes providing said 3-exomethylenecepham sulfoxide.

Abstract: An N-chloroimide is prepared by contacting the corresponding imide with molecular chlorine under substantially non-aqueous conditions and in the presence of an epoxy compound and a tertiary amine.

Abstract: A penicillin sulfoxide ester is reacted with an N-chloro halogenating agent at a temperature of from about 75.degree. C. to about 135.degree. C. and in the presence of an alkylene oxide and calcium oxide to produce a 2-chlorosulfinylazetidin-4-one intermediate. The intermediate, upon separation from the alkylene oxide, calcium oxide, and any conversion products of both the alkylene oxide and calcium oxide, can be treated with stannic chloride to produce a 3-exomethylenecepham sulfoxide.

Abstract: A penicillin sulfoxide is heated in the presence of silylating agent to produce a novel silyl ester azetidine-2-sulfenate which, by treatment with acid, is converted to a desacetoxycephalosporin compound.

Abstract: Penicillin sulfoxide esters having the sulfoxide group in the .alpha.-configuration are reacted with an N-chloro halogenating agent at a temperature between about 70.degree. C. and about 120.degree. C. in the presence of an alkylene oxide and preferably also calcium oxide to produce 2-chlorosulfinyl-azetidin-4-one intermediates. The chlorosulfinyl intermediates are then treated with a Friedel-Crafts catalyst, for example, stannic chloride to provide a 3-exomethylenecepham .beta.-sulfoxide. The latter compounds are useful in the preparation of 3-alkoxy and 3-halo substituted cephalosporin antibiotic compounds.

Abstract: Passing a solution, buffered to a pH of from about 3.5 to about 4.5, of an alkali metal or ammonium salt of cefamandole through a bed of an adsorbent resin depending on van der Waals forces for adsorption followed by acidification to a pH of about 2.0 with a non-oxidizing inorganic acid yields pure crystalline cefamandole, which can be separated and dried, or partitioned into a preferential solvent from which crystalline sodium cefamandole can be recovered.

Abstract: N-Chlorophthalimide is prepared by contacting an alkali metal salt of phthalimide with chlorine under substantially non-aqueous conditions in the presence of a halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbon and at a temperature of from about -10.degree. C. to about +40.degree. C.

Abstract: A penicillin sulfoxide ester is reacted with an N-chloro halogenating agent at a temperature of from about 75.degree. C. to about 135.degree. C. and in the presence of an alkylene oxide and calcium oxide to produce a 2-chlorosulfinylazetidin-4-one intermediate. The intermediate, upon separation from the alkylene oxide, calcium oxide, and any conversion products of both the alkylene oxide and calcium oxide, can be treated with stannic chloride to produce a 3-exomethylenecepham sulfoxide.

Abstract: A 3-exomethylenecepham sulfoxide ester is reacted with a mixture of an acyl chloride of the formula ##STR1## AND THE CORRESPONDING ANHYDRIDE OF SAID ACYL CHLORIDE AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 70.degree. TO ABOUT 130.degree. C. to produce the corresponding 3-acyloxymethyl-.DELTA..sup.2 -cephem. This product is useful as an intermediate in the preparation of antibiotically active cephalosporins.

Abstract: A penicillin sulfoxide is heated in the presence of silylating agent to produce a novel silyl ester azetidine-2-sulfenate which, by treatment with acid, is converted to a desacetoxycephalosporin compound.