Abstract: An organic electroluminescent (EL) device is provided which uses an electron-transport layer including hole blocking capability. The device includes a stack structure, with an emitting layer and an electron-transport layer provided between an anode and a cathode. The electron-transport layer is a mixture of at least two materials. This mixture may include an organic compound and one or more other organic compounds, or may include a metal or inorganic compound and one or more other metal or inorganic compounds, or may include one or more organic compounds and one or more metal or inorganic compounds. By incorporating a hole blocking capability into the electron-transport layer, structure and fabrication of the device is simplified and efficiency is increased.

Abstract: Apparatus for wet cleaning is disclosed. In one example, such an apparatus includes first and second Sulfuric Acid Peroxide Mixture (SPM) baths for removing photoresist on semiconductor wafers that are sequentially provided; a Hot Quick Dump Rinse (HQDR) bath for cleaning the wafers conveyed from the first and second baths; first and second Ammonium Peroxide Replacement (APR) baths for cleaning particles and organic residues remaining on the wafers conveyed from the HQDR bath; and a drier for drying the wafers conveyed from the first and second APR bath.