Abstract: The invention provides devices and methods for using acoustics to communicate between a macro-scale transceiver and a micro-device or between multiple micro-devices. The micro-devices may passively scatter sound from a transceiver or actively generate sound. Acoustic waves can also provide power to a micro-device.

Abstract: A system for determining latent demand for at least one of a plurality of commodities includes an offer analyzer and a commodity selector. The offer analyzer analyzes at least a plurality of initially unaccepted offers for each of the plurality of commodities. The commodity selector selects at least one of the plurality of commodities to offer for sale which satisfies at least one criteria based on the analysis by the offer analyzer.

Abstract: A system for determining latent demand for at least one of a plurality of commodities includes an offer analyzer and a commodity selector. The offer analyzer analyzes at least a plurality of initially unaccepted offers for each of the plurality of commodities. The commodity selector selects at least one of the plurality of commodities to offer for sale which satisfies at least one criteria based on the analysis by the offer analyzer.

Abstract: A quantum approach to the economically significant n-player public goods or similar n-player game requires only two-particle entanglement and is thus much easier to implement than games requiring n-particle entanglements. Two-particle entanglements are sufficient to give near optimal expected payoff when players use a simple mixed strategy for which no player can benefit by making different choices. This mechanism can also address some heterogeneous preferences among the players. Quantum games in accordance with the invention can be simulated on classical computers without requiring impractical amounts of processing power for large numbers of players.

Abstract: Provided are systems, methods and techniques for insuring decisions within an organization. In representative implementations, project insurance is provided to an individual working on a project for an organization. The project insurance has (i) a payout event that is defined as a failure of the project to meet a specified criterion pertaining to success of the project and (ii) an associated payout benefit. The payout benefit is provided to the individual under the project insurance in the event that the payout event occurs.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods for fabricating microscale-to-nanoscale interfaces. In numerous embodiments of the present invention, hybrid microscale/nanoscale crossbar multiplexers/demultiplexers provide for selection and control of individual nanowires through a set of microscale signal lines. In order to overcome the difficulty of aligning nanowires with submicroscale and microscale signal lines, at least a portion of the interconnections between nanowires and sub-microscale or microscale signal lines are randomly generated by one of various connection-fabrication methods. Addresses for individual nanowires, or groups of nanowires, can be discovered by testing the microscale-to-nanoscale interfaces.

Abstract: A system for determining latent demand for at least one of a plurality of commodities includes an offer analyzer and a commodity selector. The offer analyzer analyzes at least a plurality of initially unaccepted offers for each of the plurality of commodities. The commodity selector selects at least one of the plurality of commodities to offer for sale which satisfies at least one criteria based on the analysis by the offer analyzer.

Abstract: A system for determining latent demand for at least one of a plurality of commodities includes an offer analyzer and a commodity selector. The offer analyzer analyzes at least a plurality of initially unaccepted offers for each of the plurality of commodities. The commodity selector selects at least one of the plurality of commodities to offer for sale which satisfies at least one criteria based on the analysis by the offer analyzer.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention are directed to methods for fabricating microscale-to-nanoscale interfaces. In numerous embodiments of the present invention, hybrid microscale/nanoscale crossbar multiplexers/demultiplexers provide for selection and control of individual nanowires through a set of microscale signal lines. In order to overcome the difficulty of aligning nanowires with submicroscale and microscale signal lines, at least a portion of the interconnections between nanowires and sub-microscale or microscale signal lines are randomly generated by one of various connection-fabrication methods. Addresses for individual nanowires, or groups of nanowires, can be discovered by testing the microscale-to-nanoscale interfaces.

Abstract: A forecasting system comprises a plurality of forecasters that provide predictions and that have individual identities. A plurality of users depend on receiving the predictions from the forecasters and use forecasts assembled there from to manage a business organization. An encryption system encodes and hides the individual identities of each of the plurality of forecasters and thereby encourages more honest predictions. A decryption system decodes and reveals the individual identities of each of the plurality of forecasters and discourages moral hazards in the predictions. The individual identities of each of the plurality of forecasters are encrypted, associated, and embedded with their respective predictions.

Abstract: A system and method for reputation rating is disclosed. The method discloses: collecting a set of reputation ratings on a target entity from a set of reputation rating entities; attributing a weight to each of the reputation ratings based on a set of filtering criteria; and combining the weighted reputation ratings to generate a filtered reputation rating with respect to the target entity. The system discloses various means, mediums and systems for effecting the method.

Abstract: A system for determining latent demand for at least one of a plurality of commodities includes an offer analyzer and a commodity selector. The offer analyzer analyzes at least a plurality of initially unaccepted offers for each of the plurality of commodities. The commodity selector selects at least one of the plurality of commodities to offer for sale which satisfies at least one criteria based on the analysis by the offer analyzer.

Abstract: A quantum approach to the economically significant n-player public goods or similar n-player game requires only two-particle entanglement and is thus much easier to implement than games requiring n-particle entanglements. Two-particle entanglements are sufficient to give near optimal expected payoff when players use a simple mixed strategy for which no player can benefit by making different choices. This mechanism can also address some heterogeneous preferences among the players. Quantum games in accordance with the invention can be simulated on classical computers without requiring impractical amounts of processing power for large numbers of players.

Abstract: In a method of creating connections in nanometer scale devices, address lines and nanometer scale data wires are formed on a wafer. In addition, connections are patterned between the address lines and the nanometer scale data wires according to at least one bit change between successive nanometer scale data wires.

Abstract: Coordination of actions at two or more nodes is achieved. In one example embodiment, quantum-entangled particles are generated and sent to at least two nodes. The quantum state of an observed one of the particles is detected, thereby fixing the quantum state of the observed particle as well as the other ones of the entangled particles. At two or more of the nodes, an action or process is carried out as a function of the fixed quantum state. With this approach, separate nodes can coordinate decisions, timing and other functions without necessarily communicating with one another and while maintaining a random characteristic of the coordination.

Abstract: A method for computing a diversity measure H(m) for combinatorial structures involves identifying all M possible substructures having m elements from among the n elements of the combinatorial structure. The number of the substructures that are similar to each such substructure is determined, and the frequency of each distinct substructure is calculated using the number of similar substructures and the total number of substructures M. The method uses the frequency of each distinct substructure to compute an entropy corresponding to m. By the same process described above, and entropy corresponding to m+1 is computed. The entropy corresponding to m+1 is subtracted from the entropy corresponding to m to produce the diversity measure H(m). In the preferred embodiment, similar substructures are determined by being identical or isomorphic.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of reducing variations in nanoscale circuit connections. One exemplary embodiment includes: placing a first connector between a first addressing wire and a first nanowire in a partial circuit; and applying bias to the partial circuit so that a second connector is placed between a second addressing wire and a second nanowire. This method of bias connections is repeated for each wire in the full circuit. Thus, bias is used to influence the positioning of connectors on additional wires (if any) in the full circuit.

Abstract: In a method of creating connections in nanometer scale devices, address lines and nanometer scale data wires are formed on a wafer. In addition, connections are patterned between the address lines and the nanometer scale data wires according to at least one bit change between successive nanometer scale data wires.

Abstract: A method of reducing variations in nanoscale circuit connections, includes: placing a first connector between a first addressing wire and a first nanowire in a partial circuit; and applying bias to the partial circuit so that a second connector is placed between a second addressing wire and a second nanowire. This method of bias connections is repeated for each wire in the full circuit. Thus, bias is used to influence the positioning of connectors on additional wires (if any) in the full circuit. A nanoscale circuit, includes: a first addressing wire; a first nanowire; a first connector connected placed between the first addressing wire and a first nanowire in a partial circuit in a random manner; a second addressing wire; a second nanowire; and a second connector placed between the second addressing wire and a second nanowire by application of bias to the partial circuit.

Abstract: A method of protecting privacy, while revealing data, includes: posting a question; posting a plurality of public key in response to the question, where a product of the public keys matches a value given as part of the question, and where a private key corresponds to one of the public keys; encrypting a message with one of the public keys; sending the encrypted message; and if the encrypted message was encrypted with the public key with the corresponding private key, then decrypting the encrypted message.