Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a movable image bearing member, a charging member, a developer, and an auxiliary member. The charging member contacts the image bearing member to electrically charge the image bearing member. The developer develops, with toner, an electrostatic image formed on the image bearing member using a charging operation of the charging member. The developer is capable or removing residual toner from the image bearing member simultaneously with its developing operation for the electrostatic image. The auxiliary member is disposed upstream of the charging position and downstream of a transfer position where the toner image is transferred from the image bearing member onto a transfer material with respect to a movement direction of the image bearing member.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus which simultaneously performs image exposure and development, including an electrophotographic photosensitive body having a conductive layer, an electrophotoconductive layer, and an electric charge supply layer for contacting a developer sequentially formed on a translucent substrate, wherein a value of the surface energy of the outer layer of the photosensitive body is 30 dyne/cm or less in order to present fogging generated during development.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus includes a movable photosensitive member having a photoconductive layer, and a charging member for charging the photosensitive member. A latent image forming device forms an image on the photosensitive member, and an electric charge applying device applies an electric charge of a polarity opposite from a charging property of the charging member to the photosensitive member. The photosensitive member includes a rectifying layer on the photoconductive layer to provide, at an interface between the photoconductive layer and the rectifying layer, a p-n junction preventing electric charge of the opposite polarity from entering the photoconductive layer.

Abstract: A charging device includes a charging member for charging a movable member to be charged; the charging member including a carrying member for carrying a magnetic particle layer contactable to the member to be charged, the carrying member being adapted to be supplied with a voltage; wherein a direction of a magnetic force acting on magnetic particles in the magnetic particle layer at a downstream end position with respect to a movement direction of the member to be charged at a portion where the member to be charged and the magnetic particle layer are contacted, is opposite from the member to be charged with respect to a tangent line of the member to be charged at the end position.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing device, a charger contactable to the image bearing device for effecting contact charging of the image bearing device, the charger being supplied with a voltage having a DC component and an AC component, and the charger being provided with an electrode for receiving the voltage; wherein the following is satisfied: when an electric field formed between the image bearing device and the electrode is not more than .vertline.E/d.sub.SD .vertline. (V/m), a resistance of the charger per unit area of contact between the image bearing device and the charger is larger than20E/(wCV.sub.DC) (.OMEGA.m.sup.2)and is larger than the resistance when the electric field is more than .vertline.(E+V.sub.DC)/d.sub.SD .vertline. (V/m)where E(V) is an amplitude of the AC component; w(rad) is an angular velocity of the AC component; d.sub.SD (m) is a minimum distance between the electrode and the image bearing device; C(F/m.sup.

Abstract: This invention relates to a charging system for charging a body to be electrified, comprising a body to be electrified, and a charging member which can be applied with voltage to brush the surface of said body to be electrified and charge it. Wherein the surface of the body to be electrified exhibits a contact angle of 90.degree. or more for water.

Abstract: A charging member for charging a member to be charged, includes a magnet member and a surface electroconductive layer for supporting electroconductive magnetic particles, the layer being supported by the magnet member and rotating together with the magnet member in a region supporting the magnetic particles.

Abstract: The image forming method comprises, electrostatically charging an image bearing member using a contact charging assembly, forming an electrostatic latent image on the image bearing member thus charged, developing the electrostatic latent image with a magnetic toner to form a toner image and transferring the toner image to a transfer medium, wherein the charging assembly comprises a magnetic brush formed from conductive magnetic particles magnetically bound, and the charging assembly comes into contact with the image bearing member to charge the surface of the image bearing member by directly injecting charges into the electron level present on the surface of the image bearing member and the magnetic toner has a value of .sigma..D..delta. of 150 or less, where the value is obtained by multiplying i) a magnetization quantity .sigma. (Am.sup.2 /kg) in a magnetic field of 1K oersted as measured by a vibration magnetometer, ii) a weight average particle diameter (D.sub.4) D (.mu.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus for simultaneously performing image exposure and development including an electrophotographic photosensitive body comprising a conductive layer and an electrophotographic photosensitive layer formed on the translucent substrate. An optical system is provided for exposing the image from the side of the translucent substrate of the photosensitive body, and a developer apparatus is arranged opposing to the side of photosensitive layer of the exposure position of the photosensitive body for supplying developer charged with the developing bias.

Abstract: A charging device for charging a member to be charged, includes a charging material for charging the member to be charged, the charging material including a layer of particles capable of being supplied with a voltage and contactable to the member to be charged, wherein the particle layer comprises first particles having a volume resistivity of not less than 6.0.times.10.sup.3 Ohm.cm and less than 1.0.times.10.sup.5 Ohm.cm and second particles having a volume resistivity of not less than 6.3.times.10.sup.5 Ohm.cm mixed with the first particles.

Abstract: A charging apparatus includes a charging member for charging the member to be charged; a power source for supplying electric power to the charging member; a power source for supplying a constant small DC current to the charging member; and a device for determining a voltage to be applied to the charging member; wherein while the constant small DC current is supplied to the charging member, a voltage supplied to the charging member is detected and in response to the detected voltage, the voltage determining device determines the voltage to be applied to the charging member.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member for bearing an image, a contact charger for charging the image bearing member, and a detector for detecting an electric current flowing through the charger when the charger changes a potential of a predetermined area of the image bearing member from a first potential to a second potential which is different from the first potential. In another aspect of the invention, the detector detects a flow of current through a second contact charger when a first oscillating voltage is applied by a first contact charger and a second oscillating voltage applied by the second contact charger which is different from the first oscillating voltage.

Abstract: A charging member for charging a member to be charged while being in contact therewith includes conductive base for being supplied with a voltage; a surface layer contactable to the member to be charged; a sponge layer between the conductive base and the surface layer; a 100% modulus M.sub.100 (kg/cm.sup.2) of the surface layer and a thickness d (cm) of the surface layer satisfied:M.sub.100 .times.d.ltoreq.1.5 (kg/cm).

Abstract: The characteristics of a diesel engine exhaust gas recycling system are improved by reducing the percentage of the recycled exhaust gas in the low and high speed ranges of the engine. This is accomplished by the use of a conversion valve which decreases the input negative pressure to the vacuum amplifier which controls the recycling valve.

Abstract: A system for suppressing a predetermined part of the sideband components of an angle-modulated wave in a frequency-division multiplex system is disclosed. The system branches the received angle-modulated wave into two angle-modulated waves, one of which is applied as the signal input of a phase modulator. The other of the two branched angle-modulated waves is demodulated to baseband. The demodulated signal is filtered, adjusted in level and phase and then supplied as the inversely modulating signal input of the phase modulator. The output of the phase modulator is therefore a wave which can be reused for transmission of other sideband components. The demodulated and filtered wave is provided as another output of the system.