Abstract: A signal having periodicity is transmitted to a communication station B based on a reference timing generated by a timer which a communication station A has, while the communication station B, which has received a transmitting signal of the communication station A, receives a signal generated based on a reference timing generated in its internal section and transmitted, and a phase difference between the transmitting signal and the received signal is detected so as to detect a distance between the communication station A and the communication station B.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus of the present invention includes an endless belt for conveying a recording medium. The belt is passed over four support rollers each being formed with an annular guide groove that receives a guide formed on the belt. Assume that a biasing force F2 acts on one end of at least one support roller remote from the guide of the belt, and a biasing force F1 acts on the other side close to the guide member. Then, a relation of F1<F2<1.5×F1 holds. This frees the image transfer surface of the belt from slackening and creasing.

Abstract: This invention is titled “Bottle for hot filling use, equipped with vacuum absorption panels in the bottle portion.” The purpose of this invention is to provide a PET bottle having structurally improved vacuum absorption panels in the bottle portion so as to increase the panels' resistance to the constricting force of the shrink label, to secure the force of restitution for the panels, and thereby to allow the liquid level in the bottle to lower when the cap is opened.

Abstract: An easily regeneratable printed thermoplastic resin product is provided by printing it with a specific radiation-curable ink composition and curing the printed ink with radiation to form a cured ink film thereon.

Abstract: A radiation-curable ink composition contains a vehicle mixture comprising: (A) at least one linear polyester oligomer and/or polymer substantially free of an acid group and free of a polymerizable double bond in a molecule, wherein 1 to 10 double bonds are pendent from the linear polyester chain, and/or mixture thereof, (B) at least one single double bond-containing carboxylic acid wherein the acid has at least one acid group, and/or carboxylic ester of the said acid, and/or carboxylic amide of the said acid, and/or mixture thereof, (C) a double bond-containing polycarboxylic ester, wherein 2 to 10 acid groups are present and at least 2 double bonds are pendent from the ester having 2 to 10 acid groups, (D) at least one double bond-containing fluorinated carboxylic ester, and/or block copolymer comprising a fluorinated alkyl group-containing polymer segment and a (meth)acrylic polymer segment, and/or block copolymer comprising a siloxane group-containing polymer segment and a (meth)acrylic polymer segment, an

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus, a charging member, image transfer member or similar contact member contacts an image carrier implemented as a photoconductive element. Even when a voltage is applied to the contact member in a relatively low temperature environment, the contact member is provided with an adequate charge potential or an image transfer potential.

Abstract: A system for cleaning a charge inducing member comprising a cleaning element for establishing relative lineal as well as rotary movement between the cleaning element and charge inducing member. Embodiments include various mechanisms for imparting axial reciprocal motion to the cleaning element and for disabling reciprocation of the cleaning element or separating the cleaning element and charging member from each other during sensitive portions of a photoduplication cycle.

Abstract: In an image forming apparatus having a charging member for charging a photoconductive element in the form of a drum or a belt in contact therewith, a cleaning member cleans the surface of a charge roller contacting the photoconductive element. The cleaning member is usually spaced apart from the surface of the charge roller, but the former is caused to contact the latter only for a predetermined period of time at predetermined intervals. This frees the charge roller from excessive cleaning due to the cleaning member and, therefore, obviates defective images. The time for causing the cleaning member to contact the charge roller may be changed on the basis of the degree of contamination of the charge roller in order to cope with accidental smears brought about on the charge roller.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive body. A charge member is held in contact with the photosensitive body and charges the photosensitive body by applying a voltage thereto. An exposure device exposes a surface of the photosensitive body charged by the charge member and forms an electrostatic latent image. A developing device attaches toner to the electrostatic latent image on the photosensitive body and visualizes the electrostatic latent image. Further, a particle diameter of fine powder which is the toner used in the developing device is equal to or less than 3 .mu.m, and a containing rate of the fine powder is equal to or less than 5%. Further, an angle of spatula of the toner used in the developing device may be at least 25 degrees. A cohesiveness of the toner may also be at least 9%.

Abstract: The screw type vacuum pump comprises a pump casing having a suction inlet and a discharge outlet, and a pair of rotors incorporated within the pump casing and meshing with each other to rotate in synchronized manner. The vacuum pump evacuates a reaction vessel, to which process gas is applied, to obtain a negative pressure condition of a predetermined level. Upon operation of the pump, inert gas is introduced into a compression working chamber directly or through a sealing portion disposed adjacent the discharge outlet. The introduced inert gas is adiabatically compressed therein to generate heat to heat the rotors and a casing wall. Further the inert gas effects a reduction of partial pressure of the process gas in the pump. Accordingly, a side reaction product is prevented from accumulating on the rotors and the casing wall.

Abstract: A vacuum evacuation system comprising a non-positive displacement type vacuum pump called molecular pump which obtains high pumping speed in a high vacuum range, and an oil-free, positive displacement type vacuum pump called screw vacuum pump. The non-positive displacement type vacuum pump and the positive displacement type vacuum pump are connected to each other such that the non-positive displacement type vacuum pump is located on a high vacuum side and the positive displacement type vacuum pump is located on a low pressure or atmospheric side, to thereby prevent oil from being penetrated into a system to be evacuated.

Abstract: The present invention provides a screw vacuum pump unit in which both a screw block and a driving motor are mounted on one side surface of a casing of a speed change gear, both axes of a male rotor and a female rotor in the screw block are arranged in vertical adjacency within a substantially perpendicular virtual plane, and suction ports and discharge ports are arranged on both sides with the vertical plane intervening therebetween, whereby maintenance can be facilitated.