Abstract: An image forming apparatus, such as a copier, includes an unapproved copy preventor mechanism. The image forming apparatus includes a support such as a platen glass for supporting an original document; a light irradiation source for irradiating the original document with a light beam; and a detectors for detecting predetermined wavelength components of a reflected light from the original document which is irradiated with the irradiating light beam. The detector generates detection signals based on the detection of the predetermined wavelength components of the reflected light. An evaluator circuit determines whether the original document is a document which prohibits a production of an unapproved copy based on the detection signals.

Abstract: A developing device is provided with a clutch to engage or disengage between a sleeve and a driving motor. When the developing device is used for development, spacing rollers on the sleeve are brought in contact with a photoreceptor drum and the speed of the driving motor is reduced to a lower speed, thereafter the clutch is operated to engage the sleeve and the driving motor and the speed of the driving motor is increased to a rated speed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus, such as a copier, includes an unapproved copy preventor mechanism. The image forming apparatus includes a support such as a platen glass for supporting an original document; a light irradiation source for irradiating the original document with a light beam; and a detectors for detecting predetermined wavelength components of a reflected light from the original document which is irradiated with the irradiating light beam. The detector generates detection signals based on the detection of the predetermined wavelength components of the reflected light. An evaluator circuit determines whether the original document is a document which prohibits a production of an unapproved copy based on the detection signals.

Abstract: The invention provides an improved color image reader in which the document having a color original image is irradiated by a light source moving relatively on such document and the reflected light is introduced into a single unit including a lens and a color separator so that the color original image is separated into plural color component images. The plural color component images are respectively read and photo-electrically converted into plural signals by CCD's. In such arrangement, the light source is positioned at the upper side of the optical axis of the lens and the CCD's are disposed at the lower side of the axis. The color separator can form the plural color component images on the same plane.

Abstract: A color image forming apparatus having a photosensitive drum and a plurality of developing devices. The developing devices are accommodated removably in an integral casing. The integral casing can be held in a fixed position with respect to the photosensitive drum and moved apart from the photosensitive drum. The developing devices can be mounted independently of one another in an adjustable manner or mounting reference members respectively, which are mounted in the integral casing.

Abstract: A method of pipe line washing is described, in which raw pulp liquid is washed by clean water or washing liquid having a lower concentration than liquid chemicals in the raw pulp liquid by making use of all or a part of a pipe line.