Abstract: A liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that differ between a pair of opposed substrates, a liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that vary at a same substrate, and an optically anisotropic film having a plurality of optically different regions is provided. Thus, a liquid crystal display element that has improved display characteristics, response, and the like can be obtained. Methods of producing such liquid crystal display elements and such an optically anisotropic film are provided. The production methods are simply carried out utilizing the irradiation of polarized light. Thus, the present invention is of great value to industry.

Abstract: The present invention is characterized in that an underlying layer solution containing a hydrolyzable compound represented by X—(SiOX2)n—SiX3 (where X is at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a halogen, an alkoxy group, and an isocyanate group and n is an integer equal to or more than 0) is brought into contact with a surface of a base material, the underlying layer solution is dried at a temperature less than 300° C. to form an underlying layer, a solution containing a silane-based compound is brought into contact with a surface of the underlying layer to cause chemical adsorption of the molecules of the silane-based compound to the surface of the underlying layer, and the base material is sintered at a temperature of 300° C. or more. This improves the water repellency, resistance, and heat resistance of a functional film composed of the silane-based compound, which is for modifying the properties of the surface of the base material.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that differ between a pair of opposed substrates, a liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that vary at a same substrate, and an optically anisotropic film having a plurality of optically different regions is provided. Thus, a liquid crystal display element that has improved display characteristics, response, and the like can be obtained. Methods of producing such liquid crystal display elements and such an optically anisotropic film are provided. The production methods are simply carried out utilizing the irradiation of polarized light. Thus, the present invention is of great value to industry.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that differ between a pair of opposed substrates, a liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that vary at a same substrate, and an optically anisotropic film having a plurality of optically different regions is provided. Thus, a liquid crystal display element that has improved display characteristics, response, and the like can be obtained. Methods of producing such liquid crystal display elements and such an optically anisotropic film are provided. The production methods are simply carried out utilizing the irradiation of polarized light. Thus, the present invention is of great value to industry.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that differ between a pair of opposed substrates, a liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that vary at a same substrate, and an optically anisotropic film having a plurality of optically different regions is provided. Thus, a liquid crystal display element that has improved display characteristics, response, and the like can be obtained. Methods of producing such liquid crystal display elements and such an optically anisotropic film are provided. The production methods are simply carried out utilizing the irradiation of polarized light. Thus, the present invention is of great value to industry.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that differ between a pair of opposed substrates, a liquid crystal display element having pretilt angles and anchoring energies with respect to liquid crystal molecules that vary at a same substrate, and an optically anisotropic film having a plurality of optically different regions is provided. Thus, a liquid crystal display element that has improved display characteristics, response, and the like can be obtained. Methods of producing such liquid crystal display elements and such an optically anisotropic film are provided. The production methods are simply carried out utilizing the irradiation of polarized light. Thus, the present invention is of great value to industry.

Abstract: The present invention is characterized in that an underlying layer solution containing a hydrolyzable compound represented by

Abstract: A functional member having a molecular layer on its surface, wherein the molecular layer is formed through a coordinate bond, and the coordinate bond is a multidentate bond in which at least one molecule is bonded to one metallic atom of the member and two or more ligands of the molecule are coordinated.

Abstract: A method for forming a molecular film includes the steps of: coating a surface of a substrate having active hydrogen atoms on its surface with a coating solution containing a silane-based compound having at least one reactive group selected from the group consisting of a chloro group, an alkoxy group and an isocyanate group; and effecting an elimination reaction between the active hydrogen atoms on the surface of the substrate and reactive groups of the silane-based compound, thereby covalently bonding the silane-based compounds to the surface of the substrate. The substrate is supplied to a chamber in which an atmosphere is maintained at a low water vapor density. The surface of the substrate is coated with a coating solution containing the silane-based compound and a solvent by using a transfer element. A dehydrochlorination reaction is effected between the active hydrogen atoms and the chloro groups of the silane-based compounds.

Abstract: A method for forming a molecular film includes the steps of: coating a surface of a substrate having active hydrogen atoms on its surface with a coating solution containing a silane-based compound having at least one reactive group selected from the group consisting of a chloro group, an alkoxy group and an isocyanate group; and effecting an elimination reaction between the active hydrogen atoms on the surface of the substrate and reactive groups of the silane-based compound, thereby covalently bonding the silane-based compounds to the surface of the substrate. The substrate is supplied to a chamber in which an atmosphere is maintained at a low water vapor density. The surface of the substrate is coated with a coating solution containing the silane-based compound and a solvent by using a transfer element. A dehydrochlorination reaction is effected between the active hydrogen atoms and the chloro groups of the silane-based compounds.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a chemically bonding material comprising the steps of: mixing a compound expressed by a general formula ABX.sub.n (Formula 1), wherein A shows a group including carbon, B indicates Si, Ge, Sn, Ti or Zr, X is a hydrolyzable group and n indicates 1, 2 or 3, and at least one kind of compound not including active hydrogen groups in a dry atmosphere having a water vapor density of 0.0076 kg/m.sup.3 or less; and storing the same in a dry atmosphere having a water vapor density of 0.0076 kg/m.sup.3 or less. A coating solution including compounds that are easily hydrolyzed is stored in a dry state so that the material is not deactivated before reacting with a substrate.