Abstract: Provided herein are methods of preparing conductive particles including hydrophilizing the surface of polymer particles by a low-temperature plasma treatment; and coating the hydrophilized surface of the polymer particles with a conductive metal layer to form the conductive particles. The methods provided herein may provide desirable adhesion between the conductive metal layer and the polymer particles and may minimize the aggregation of the polymer particles during plating. As a result, methods disclosed herein may provide for conductive particles having desirable electrical conductivity and reliability.

Abstract: Fuel cell systems and methods of operating fuel cell systems are disclosed. In some embodiments, the systems and methods include an emission control system that reduces an amount of organic emission(s) released from the fuel cell systems. The organic emission(s) can include, for example, methanol, formic acid, and/or formaldehyde.

Abstract: An insulated conductive particle for an anisotropic conductive film is disclosed. One embodiment of the particle includes a conductive particle and insulating fixative particles discontinuously fixed on the surface of the conductive particle. The insulating particles provides insulation with other adjacent insulated conductive particles, while the insulated conductive particle is electrically connected between electrodes with the insulating fixative particles being deviated from its position. The instant disclosure also provides a method for manufacturing the insulated conductive particle, an anisotropic conductive adhesive film containing the insulated conductive particles, and an electrically connected structure using the film.

Abstract: The insulated conductive particles of the present invention comprise a resin core 41 having an average particle size of 1 to 10 ?m, a Ni layer 42 coated on the surface of the resin core with a thickness of 0.01-0.1 ?m, an Au layer 43 coated on the Ni layer with a thickness of 0.03-0.3 ?m, and an inorganic insulating layer 44 coated on the Au layer with a thickness of 0.05-1 ?m. An anisotropic conductive film of the present invention comprises the insulated conductive particles in the number of 10,000-80,000 per square millimeter (mm2).

Abstract: A hybrid bioreactor for cell culture is disclosed. To simultaneously apply compressive strain for cell differentiation and shear strain for cell proliferation to cells, the hybrid bioreactor includes a plurality of reactor tube assemblies (100), a compressive strain motor (5), a shear strain motor (25), a lower anchor mount (20) having a plurality of toothed anchors (70) to respectively anchor the lower ends of the reactor tube assemblies (100) to the lower anchor mount (20), a ball screw (90) operated in conjunction with the compressive strain motor (5), an upper anchor mount (60) which engages with the ball screw (90) to vertically move upward and downward and having a plurality of compressive strain anchors (80) to anchor the upper ends of the reactor tube assemblies (100) to the upper anchor mount (60), a power transmission unit to transmit the rotating force of the shear strain motor (25) to the toothed anchors (70).

Abstract: A semiconductor package comprises a plurality of pads disposed along a surface edge of a semiconductor chip, a plurality of mounting bumps formed on a surface of the semiconductor chip and disposed away from the plurality of pads at a predetermined distance, a plurality of redistribution connecting wires for electrically connecting the plurality of pads to the plurality of mounting bumps, and a plurality of test bumps disposed on the plurality of pads.

Abstract: Fuel cell systems and methods of operating fuel cell systems are disclosed. In some embodiments, the systems and methods include an emission control system that reduces an amount of organic emission(s) released from the fuel cell systems. The organic emission(s) can include, for example, methanol, formic acid, and/or formaldehyde.

Abstract: A method of forming an integrated circuit device includes the steps of forming a conductive pattern on an integrated circuit device, and forming an insulating layer on the conductive pattern and on the integrated circuit substrate. An upper surface portion of the insulating layer opposite the substrate is removed, and a photoresist layer is formed on the insulating layer after the step of removing the upper surface portion. The photoresist layer is patterned, and exposed portions of the insulating layer are etched using the patterned photoresist layer as an etching mask thereby forming contact holes through the insulating layer.

Abstract: A brake system includes a pair of brake shoes and a wheel cylinder actuating the brake shoes such that the brake shoes contact a drum to apply braking action thereto. The wheel cylinder includes a housing, a first pair of oppositely facing pistons disposed within the housing, and a second pair of oppositely facing pistons disposed within the housing between the first pair of oppositely facing pistons. When the brake is operated, hydraulic pressure causes the second pair of pistons to move outward in opposite directions. As a result, the first pair of pistons move outward in opposite directions. Since the brake shoes are connected to the first pair of oppositely facing pistons, the brake shoes are applied to the drum. The wheel cylinder further includes a member disposed between and in contact with the second pair of oppositely facing pistons.

Abstract: A caliper assembly for a disc brake of a vehicle, which assembly includes a carrier member, a disc, a pair of main pads attached to main pad plates forming a pad assembly, two pairs of pistons mounted to springs disposed within recesses which pass through the carrier member for pressing circumferential edges of the pad plates when the hydraulic fluid pressure supplied through hoses from the master cylinder compresses the springs and pistons, whereby since the pad plates are thus immobilized with respect to the carrier member, the caliper assembly reduces squeal noise due to non-vibration of the pad plate, and prevents the pads from non-uniformly abrading, thermotransforming, and changing properties thereof so as to highly increase braking efficiency.

Abstract: A door made by assembling a plurality of laminas and having ventilating holes is disclosed. The door is provided with longitudinal and lateral ventilating holes, so that twisting and other deformation of the door is prevented.