Abstract: There are provided a memory device for supporting a command bus training (CBT) mode and a method of operating the same. The memory device is configured to enter a CBT mode or exit from the CBT mode in response to a logic level of a first data signal, which is not included in second data signals, which are in one-to-one correspondence with command/address signals, which are used to output a CBT pattern in the CBT mode. The memory device is further configured to change a reference voltage value in accordance with a second reference voltage setting code received by terminals associated with the second data signals, to terminate the command/address signals or a pair of data clock signals to a resistance value corresponding to an on-die termination (ODT) code setting stored in a mode register, and to turn off ODT of data signals in the CBT mode.

Abstract: A printed circuit board includes a first substrate portion including a plurality of first insulating layers, a plurality of first wiring layers respectively disposed on the plurality of first insulating layers, and a plurality of first adhesive layers respectively disposed between the plurality of first insulating layers to respectively cover the plurality of first wiring layers; and a second substrate portion disposed on the first substrate portion, and including a plurality of second insulating layers, a plurality of second wiring layers respectively disposed on the plurality of second insulating layers, and a plurality of second adhesive layers respectively disposed between the plurality of second insulating layers to respectively cover the plurality of second wiring layers.

Abstract: A display device includes: a first substrate; a second substrate on the first substrate and exposing a first edge portion of the first substrate, the second substrate protruding beyond a second edge portion of the first substrate; a connection line on the first edge portion of the first substrate, the connection line having a first end portion protruding beyond a first side of the second substrate and a second end portion covered by the second substrate; and a thin-film transistor layer on the second substrate and connected to the connection line. The thin-film transistor layer includes signal lines extending from the first side to a second side of the second substrate. The signal lines extend into contact openings in the thin-film transistor layer and are exposed at a lower part of the second substrate on the second side of the second substrate.

Abstract: Disclosed are an electrochemical hybrid catalyst that has a configuration in which two species of single atomic metals, that is, nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe), each bonded to (coordinated with) nitrogen in a nitrogen-doped carbon nanostructure, are adjacent to each other and are indirectly linked via nitrogen to form a catalyst site or an active site and thus exhibits high carbon monoxide selectivity and current density at a low overpotential during reduction reaction for converting carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide, and a carbon dioxide conversion system using the same.

Abstract: Methods of forming devices comprise forming a dielectric layer on a substrate, the dielectric layer comprising at least one feature defining a gap including sidewalls and a bottom. A self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is formed on the bottom of the gap, and a barrier layer is formed on the SAM before selectively depositing a metal liner on the barrier layer. The SAM is removed after selectively depositing the metal liner on the barrier layer.

Abstract: Proposed is an apparatus for rear-wheel steering, the apparatus including a sensor module configured to detect steering and driving information of a rear-wheel steering vehicle; and a processor configured to vary instantaneously a desired yaw rate or turning radius by further adjusting a gear ratio between front and rear wheels in response to column torque and vehicle speed detected through the sensor module, resulting in more dynamic lateral control than previously possible.

Abstract: An emergency steering control apparatus of a four-wheel independent steering system includes a sensor module to detect a malfunction in a steering system of a vehicle provided with a wheel independent steering system and a processor to, when at least one leading wheel in a direction of movement of the vehicle malfunctions during forward movement or reverse movement of the vehicle, control normal wheels located opposite the at least one malfunctioning wheel in the direction of the movement so that the vehicle turns in an intended direction for emergency parking.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a system and method for controlling four-wheel independent steering vehicles. The system includes a steering angle sensor configured to detect a steering angle in relation to movement of a steering wheel, a motor controller configured to change a position of a wheel in response to the steering angle, a parallel movement key configured to set a parallel movement mode, and a processor configured to primarily adjust the position of the wheel through the motor controller by setting the parallel movement mode in response to the input of the parallel movement key and to control the motor controller to secondarily adjust the position of the wheel in response to the steering angle by limiting the steering angle of the steering wheel to a range of a limit angle. Therefore, it is possible to prevent the steering angle from changing significantly.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a 4-wheel independent steering system of a vehicle. The apparatus includes a sensor module, a switch module including a plurality of switches for receiving an instruction for the transition of a steering mode of the 4-wheel independent steering system, and a processor configured to perform a steering mode transition operation of the 4-wheel independent steering system based on a combination of the switches of the switch module.

Abstract: A four-wheel independent steering system and a method of controlling the four-wheel independent steering system. The four-wheel independent steering system includes a front/rear-wheel-angle-ratio calculation unit to calculate a ratio Kss between front and rear wheel angles that allows a body slip angle to converge to ‘0’ and allows a yaw angle and a yaw rate to maintain target values, and a control unit to perform four-wheel steering control based on the ratio Kss between the front and rear wheel angles.

Abstract: A wafer cleaning method is provided. The wafer cleaning method includes providing a wafer on a stage that is inside of a chamber. The wafer is fixed to the stage by moving a grip pin connected to an edge of the stage. First ultrapure water is supplied onto the wafer while the wafer is rotating at a first rotation speed. The grip pin is released from the wafer by moving the grip pin. A development process is performed by supplying liquid chemical onto the wafer while the wafer is rotating at a second rotation speed that is less than the first rotation speed.

Abstract: A sink device comprises processing circuitry configured to, receive a test video from a source device, perform a standardization operation on the test video to generate a standardized video, scale the standardized video to generate a scaled video, perform an image quality processing operation on the scaled video to generate a sampling video, output the sampling video to a display, the display configured to display the sampling video as a final sampling video, and detect at least one error generated in any one of the source device, the processing circuitry, or the display based on pixel values of the test video, the standardized video, the scaled video, the sampling video, and the final sampling video and desired pixel values corresponding to the type pattern included in each of the plurality of frames.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling motor driven power steering system, the apparatus including: a column torque sensor detecting column torque applied to a steering column of a vehicle; an MDPS logic unit deciding a first command current based on the column torque and vehicle speed; a steering angle position control unit outputting a second command current for driving an MDPS motor in an autonomous driving mode, based on a command steering angle and a current steering angle inputted from an autonomous driving system and a steering angle sensor, respectively; a driver steering intervention determination unit monitoring the column torque of the column torque sensor in an autonomous driving mode, and determining whether a driver has intervened in steering; and an output control unit deciding a final command current by applying the weight decided by the driver steering intervention determination unit to the first and second command currents.

Abstract: A steering control apparatus includes: a command steering angle acceleration detector configured to detect a command steering angle acceleration, in an autonomous driving mode, using a command steering angle inputted from an autonomous driving system; an autonomous driving determiner configured to determine whether to cancel the autonomous driving mode using any one or any combination of any two or more of a column torque of a steering shaft, a vehicle speed of a vehicle, and the command steering angle acceleration; and a steering angle controller configured to control a steering angle, in the autonomous driving mode, by adjusting a gain according to a steering angle error between the command steering angle and a current steering angle, based on an output from the command steering angle acceleration detector.

Abstract: A chip-to-chip process variation aware power efficiency optimization method that includes determining, using an adaptive voltage scaling (AVS) module of a processing unit in a system, an optimal voltage identification (VID) based on chip process variation. The method outputs the optimal VID from the AVS module to a voltage regulator of the system. The method adjusts a direct current (DC) load line setting based on the optimal VID of the processing unit in the system. The method regulates, using the voltage regulator of the system, a voltage supplied to the processing unit based on the DC load line setting.

Abstract: A wafer cleaning apparatus is provided. The wafer cleaning apparatus includes comprising a chamber configured to be loaded with a wafer, a nozzle on the wafer and configured to provide liquid chemicals on an upper surface of the wafer, a housing under the wafer, a laser module configured to irradiate laser on the wafer, a transparent window disposed between the wafer and the laser module, and a controller configured to control on/off of the laser module, wherein the controller is configured to control repetition of turning the laser module on and off, and retain temperature of the wafer within a temperature range, and a ratio of time when the laser module is on in one cycle including on/off of the laser module is 30% to 50%.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a motor driven power steering system of a vehicle and a method thereof are disclosed. The apparatus includes: first and second memories configured to store execution programs therein; and first and second processors operatively coupled to the first and second memories, respectively, wherein the first and second processors are configured to: receive an input of a command steering angle from an upper level system by driving the execution programs, calculate a command current for a position control by receiving a feedback of sensing results from first and second sensing modules configured to sense respective operation states of first and second driving motors for steering vehicle wheels, and drive the first and second driving motors by compensating for the command current after exchanging compensation information by an output limit rate through first and second communication modules.

Abstract: An emergency steering control apparatus of a four-wheel independent steering system includes a sensor module to detect a malfunction in a steering system of a vehicle provided with a wheel independent steering system and a processor to, when at least one leading wheel in a direction of movement of the vehicle malfunctions during forward movement or reverse movement of the vehicle, control normal wheels located opposite the at least one malfunctioning wheel in the direction of the movement so that the vehicle turns in an intended direction for emergency parking.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a power steering control system with redundant structure and a control method thereof. The power steering control system is configured with a redundant structure for driving control of an autonomous vehicle, the first steering device and second steering device of the redundant power steering control system transmit signals to each other to average command values, and in particular, the speed controllers thereof transmit signals to each other to average them and perform speed control. Accordingly, it is possible to perform accurate position control and stably control driving by ensuring that the redundant power steering control system reduces an error in control signals. In addition, it is possible to improve driving stability by controlling driving normally even if one of the steering devices fails.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and a method for controlling a redundant steering system. The apparatus includes: a first steering position controller configured to control a first MDPS module based on a first command steering angle from an autonomous driving system and a current steering angle; a second steering position controller configured to control a second MDPS module based on a second command steering angle from the autonomous driving system and the current steering angle; an internal communication interface configured to enable a communication between the first steering position controller and the second steering position controller; and a processor configured to calculate final output information including the current steering angle based on first information output from the first MDPS module and second information output from the second MDPS module, and to apply the final output information to the first steering position controller and the second steering position controller.