Abstract: Provided is a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the semiconductor device. The semiconductor device includes: a 1st source/drain region; a 2nd source/drain region; a channel structure connecting the 1st source/drain region to the 2nd source/drain region; a gate structure surrounding the channel structure; a backside contact structure, below the 1st source/drain region, connected to the 1st source/drain region; and a 1st backside spacer at a lateral side of the backside contact structure.

Abstract: An apparatus for controlling a 4-wheel independent steering system of a vehicle. The apparatus includes a sensor module, a switch module including a plurality of switches for receiving an instruction for the transition of a steering mode of the 4-wheel independent steering system, and a processor configured to perform a steering mode transition operation of the 4-wheel independent steering system based on a combination of the switches of the switch module.

Abstract: A four-wheel independent steering system and a method of controlling the four-wheel independent steering system. The four-wheel independent steering system includes a front/rear-wheel-angle-ratio calculation unit to calculate a ratio Kss between front and rear wheel angles that allows a body slip angle to converge to ‘0’ and allows a yaw angle and a yaw rate to maintain target values, and a control unit to perform four-wheel steering control based on the ratio Kss between the front and rear wheel angles.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to transmitting and receiving beam information in a wireless communication system. An operation of a receiving end includes: generating a signal indicating two or more analogue transmission beams which are allocable to the receiving end; and transmitting the signal. In addition, the present disclosure includes other embodiments different from the embodiment described above.

Abstract: Integrated circuit devices and methods of forming the same are provided. The integrated circuit devices may include a transistor including first and second source/drain regions spaced apart from each other in a horizontal direction, a backside power distribution network structure (BSPDNS), a substrate between the first and second source/drain regions and the BSPDNS, a backside contact that is in the substrate and is overlapped by the first source/drain region, a placeholder that is in the substrate and is overlapped by the second source/drain region, and a cavity in the substrate between the backside contact and the placeholder.

Abstract: Disclosed in the present specification are a two-dimensional MXene surface-modified with a metal-organic network, a method of preparing the same, a MXene organic ink containing the same, and uses (e.g., an electromagnetic wave shielding material). In one aspect, the two-dimensional MXene surface-modified with a metal-organic network according to the present invention can use various organic ligands by linking the surface with the organic through the metal, and can be stably dispersed in various organic solvents, especially in industrial non-polar organic solvents as well as polar organic solvents, thereby being applied to a more general-purpose technologies, and securing stability against chemical oxidation to improve long-term stability.

Abstract: A wafer cleaning method is provided. The wafer cleaning method includes providing a wafer on a stage that is inside of a chamber. The wafer is fixed to the stage by moving a grip pin connected to an edge of the stage. First ultrapure water is supplied onto the wafer while the wafer is rotating at a first rotation speed. The grip pin is released from the wafer by moving the grip pin. A development process is performed by supplying liquid chemical onto the wafer while the wafer is rotating at a second rotation speed that is less than the first rotation speed.

Abstract: A display device includes: a first substrate including a first contact hole and a dam spaced from the first contact hole, a conductive line including a first portion in the first contact hole and a second portion on the dam, a second substrate on the first substrate and the conductive line, the second substrate including a second contact hole overlapping the dam in a thickness direction of the display device, a pad electrode on the second substrate and including a portion in the second contact hole, and a display layer on the second substrate and the pad electrode.

Abstract: A sink device comprises processing circuitry configured to, receive a test video from a source device, perform a standardization operation on the test video to generate a standardized video, scale the standardized video to generate a scaled video, perform an image quality processing operation on the scaled video to generate a sampling video, output the sampling video to a display, the display configured to display the sampling video as a final sampling video, and detect at least one error generated in any one of the source device, the processing circuitry, or the display based on pixel values of the test video, the standardized video, the scaled video, the sampling video, and the final sampling video and desired pixel values corresponding to the type pattern included in each of the plurality of frames.

Abstract: A memory device includes first and second material layers alternately stacked; a vertical hole passing through the first and second material layers; first insulating patterns protruding from a side surface of the first material layers exposed through the vertical hole; a blocking layer formed along a surface of the second material layers exposed between the first insulating patterns, the blocking layer comprising a plurality of concave portions, each of which is between the first insulating patterns; and charge trap patterns formed in the concave portions, wherein portions of the blocking layer exposed between the charge trap patterns, wherein a tunnel insulating layer, a channel layer, and a core pillar, are formed in an area that is substantially surrounded by the charge trap patterns.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling motor driven power steering system, the apparatus including: a column torque sensor detecting column torque applied to a steering column of a vehicle; an MDPS logic unit deciding a first command current based on the column torque and vehicle speed; a steering angle position control unit outputting a second command current for driving an MDPS motor in an autonomous driving mode, based on a command steering angle and a current steering angle inputted from an autonomous driving system and a steering angle sensor, respectively; a driver steering intervention determination unit monitoring the column torque of the column torque sensor in an autonomous driving mode, and determining whether a driver has intervened in steering; and an output control unit deciding a final command current by applying the weight decided by the driver steering intervention determination unit to the first and second command currents.

Abstract: Integrated circuit devices and methods of forming the same are provided. The integrated circuit devices may include a backside power distribution network structure (BSPDNS), a logic device region and a passive device region on the BSPDNS, a backside insulating layer including a first portion extending between the BSPDNS and the logic device region and a second portion extending between the BSPDNS and the passive device region, the passive device region including a semiconductor layer that is in the backside insulating layer, and a dam separating the first portion of the backside insulating layer from the semiconductor layer of the passive device region.

Abstract: A steering control apparatus includes: a command steering angle acceleration detector configured to detect a command steering angle acceleration, in an autonomous driving mode, using a command steering angle inputted from an autonomous driving system; an autonomous driving determiner configured to determine whether to cancel the autonomous driving mode using any one or any combination of any two or more of a column torque of a steering shaft, a vehicle speed of a vehicle, and the command steering angle acceleration; and a steering angle controller configured to control a steering angle, in the autonomous driving mode, by adjusting a gain according to a steering angle error between the command steering angle and a current steering angle, based on an output from the command steering angle acceleration detector.

Abstract: A display device includes a display unit including pixels. A sensor unit overlaps with the display unit and includes sensors. A sensor driver transmits a driving signal to the sensors, and receives sensing signals corresponding to the driving signal from the sensors. One sensing period includes a first sensing period and a second sensing period. The sensor driver transmits a first driving signal having a first frequency to the sensors in the first sensing period, and transmits a second driving signal having a second frequency different from the first frequency to the sensors in the second sensing period.

Abstract: Provided is a compound represented by any one of Chemical Formulas 1 to 3, and having a molecular packing density of greater than or equal to about 1.55 molecules/nm3 and photoelectric devices, light absorption sensors, sensor-embedded display panels, and electronic devices including the same. In Chemical Formulas 1 to 3, the definition of each substituent is as described in the specification.

Abstract: A unit of light-emitting elements includes: a plurality of light-emitting elements; and a binder extending around a periphery of the light-emitting elements and fixing the light-emitting elements. Each of the light-emitting elements includes: first and second semiconductor layers; and an active layer therebetween. A first semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second semiconductor layer of a first light-emitting element are arranged along a first direction in this order, and a second semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a first semiconductor layer of a second light-emitting element are arranged along the first direction in this order.

Abstract: A chip-to-chip process variation aware power efficiency optimization method that includes determining, using an adaptive voltage scaling (AVS) module of a processing unit in a system, an optimal voltage identification (VID) based on chip process variation. The method outputs the optimal VID from the AVS module to a voltage regulator of the system. The method adjusts a direct current (DC) load line setting based on the optimal VID of the processing unit in the system. The method regulates, using the voltage regulator of the system, a voltage supplied to the processing unit based on the DC load line setting.

Abstract: A tray for transporting a semiconductor device includes a plate, a loading portion on the plate and configured to support the semiconductor device, and a sidewall portion on the plate and surrounding at least a portion of the loading portion, wherein the sidewall portion includes a first sidewall, and the first sidewall includes a first inclined portion extending from the loading portion and defining a first angle with respect to an upper surface of the loading portion, and a first guide portion extending from the first inclined portion and defining a second angle with respect to the upper surface of the loading portion, the second angle being smaller than the first angle, and the first angle and the second angle are acute angles.

Abstract: Disclosed are a method of producing an electrochromic composition capable of diversifying colors, an electrochromic composition produced thereby, and an electrochromic device including the electrochromic composition. The electrochromic composition may be produced through a solution direct reaction using an electro-spray machine including two nozzles symmetrically inclined toward a central axis. The method may include preparing, respectively, a first coating composition comprising a first electrochromic compound and a second coating composition comprising a second electrochromic compound; loading, respectively, the first coating composition and the second composition into an electro-spray machine; spraying the first coating composition and the second coating composition under application of a voltage to the electro-spray device; and forming a electrochromic composition by reacting the first electrochromic compound with the second electrochromic compound during spraying.

Abstract: A wafer cleaning apparatus is provided. The wafer cleaning apparatus includes comprising a chamber configured to be loaded with a wafer, a nozzle on the wafer and configured to provide liquid chemicals on an upper surface of the wafer, a housing under the wafer, a laser module configured to irradiate laser on the wafer, a transparent window disposed between the wafer and the laser module, and a controller configured to control on/off of the laser module, wherein the controller is configured to control repetition of turning the laser module on and off, and retain temperature of the wafer within a temperature range, and a ratio of time when the laser module is on in one cycle including on/off of the laser module is 30% to 50%.