Abstract: Provided is a delivery status management method performed by an electronic apparatus. The delivery status management method includes transmitting information associated with an item to a courier terminal, receiving information associated with a delivery progress status of the item from the courier terminal, and, when the information associated with the delivery progress status corresponds to a first type, performing a refund procedure for the item. According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a delivery status management method by which a refund caused by interruption of a delivery is not delayed and a refund procedure is performed quickly to a customer upon the interruption of the delivery.

Abstract: A carbon substrate for a gas diffusion layer of a fuel cell, the carbon substrate being a porous carbon substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite the first surface, the carbon substrate includes a plurality of carbon fibers arranged irregularly to form a non-woven type and a carbide of an organic polymer located between the carbon fibers to bind the carbon fibers to each other, the carbide has a graphite structure, and the carbon substrate has a Bragg diffraction angle 2? of less than 26.435° and a interplanar distance d(002) of less than 3.372 ?, a gas diffusion layer employing the same, an electrode for a fuel cell, a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell, and a fuel cell. When the gas diffusion layer is manufactured using the carbon substrate according to the present disclosure, cell voltage characteristics of the fuel cell may be greatly improved.

Abstract: Disclosed are a carbon substrate for a gas diffusion layer of a fuel cell, a gas diffusion layer employing the same, an electrode for a fuel cell, a membrane electrode assembly for a fuel cell, and a fuel cell, wherein the carbon substrate includes a plate-shaped substrate having an upper surface and a lower surface opposite the upper surface, and the plate-shaped substrate includes carbon fibers arranged to extend in one direction (extend unidirectionally) and a carbide of an organic polymer located between the carbon fibers to bind the carbon fibers to each other.

Abstract: Provided is a delivery status management method performed by an electronic apparatus. The delivery status management method includes transmitting information associated with an item to a courier terminal, receiving information associated with a delivery progress status of the item from the courier terminal, and, when the information associated with the delivery progress status corresponds to a first type, performing a refund procedure for the item. According to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a delivery status management method by which a refund caused by interruption of a delivery is not delayed and a refund procedure is performed quickly to a customer upon the interruption of the delivery.

Abstract: Provided is a method of providing information at a courier terminal, the method including identifying first information on a delivery address, the first information being to be displayed in a first area of a display, identifying second information on a customer, the second information being to be displayed in a second area of the display, identifying third information on at least one image related to delivery, the third information being to be displayed in a third area of the display, and displaying identified information in the first region, the second area, and the third area. The at least one image includes image information associated with completion of a previous delivery corresponding to the address. According to an embodiment of the present disclosure, additional information for an accurate delivery is provided when a courier performs the delivery, thereby reducing a possibility of a misdelivery.

Abstract: Provided is a carbon substrate for a gas diffusion layer of a fuel cell. The carbon substrate has a structure, in which a plurality of unit carbon substrates are stacked. Each of the unit carbon substrates is a plate type substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. Carbon fibers are randomly arranged on the first surface of the each unit carbon substrate. The number of the carbon fibers arranged in a machine direction of the unit carbon substrate is greater than the number of carbon fibers arranged in a transverse direction of the unit carbon substrate from the first surface to the second surface along a thickness direction of the unit carbon substrate; and, accordingly, an orientation gradient, in which the orientation in the machine direction increases from the first surface to the second surface, is shown.

Abstract: Provided is a carbon substrate for a gas diffusion layer of a fuel cell. The carbon substrate has a structure, in which a plurality of unit carbon substrates are stacked. Each of the unit carbon substrates is a plate type substrate having a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. Carbon fibers are randomly arranged on the first surface of the each unit carbon substrate. The number of the carbon fibers arranged in a machine direction of the unit carbon substrate is greater than the number of carbon fibers arranged in a transverse direction of the unit carbon substrate from the first surface to the second surface along a thickness direction of the unit carbon substrate; and, accordingly, an orientation gradient, in which the orientation in the machine direction increases from the first surface to the second surface, is shown.

Abstract: A carbon substrate for a gas diffusion layer that has a porosity gradient in a thickness direction thereof, a gas diffusion using the carbon substrate, an electrode and a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell that include the gas diffusion layer, and a fuel cell including the membrane-electrode assembly having the gas diffusion layer are provided. The gas diffusion layer has improved water discharge ability and improved bending strength both in the machine direction and cross-machine direction.

Abstract: A carbon substrate for a gas diffusion layer that has a porosity gradient in a thickness direction thereof, a gas diffusion using the carbon substrate, an electrode and a membrane-electrode assembly for a fuel cell that include the gas diffusion layer, and a fuel cell including the membrane-electrode assembly having the gas diffusion layer are provided. The gas diffusion layer has improved water discharge ability and improved bending strength both in the machine direction and cross-machine direction.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for controlling access to a network in portable terminal based on a characteristic of an application may determine the characteristic of the application based on at least one of a reference security level of the application, a reference data amount of the application, and a reference speed of the application, and may select a network to be connected to from among available networks based on the characteristic of the application when executing the application.