Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder resin, electrically conductive first metal oxide particles, and second metal oxide particles. The refractive index Rb of the binder resin, the refractive index Rc of the first metal oxide particles, and the refractive index Rh of the second metal oxide particles satisfy the relationships: |Rb?Rc|?0.35 and |Rb?Rh|?0.65. The electroconductive layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×106 ?·cm to 1.0×1013 ?·cm, and the ratio of the specific gravity of the first metal oxide particles to the specific gravity of the second metal oxide particles is 0.85 to 1.20.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder resin, electrically conductive first metal oxide particles, and second metal oxide particles. The refractive index Rb of the binder resin, the refractive index Rc of the first metal oxide particles, and the refractive index Rh of the second metal oxide particles satisfy the relationships: |Rb?Rc|?0.35 and |Rb?Rh|?0.65. The electroconductive layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×106 ?·cm to 1.0×1013 ?·cm, and the ratio of the specific gravity of the first metal oxide particles to the specific gravity of the second metal oxide particles is 0.85 to 1.20.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of achieving both high leak resistance and reduction in variations in dark part potential and bright part potential due to repeated use even when CB is used for an electrically conductive layer. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a support, an electrically conductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, sequentially, wherein the electrically conductive layer contains a binder resin and carbon black, a number average primary particle diameter of the carbon black is 200 nm or more and 500 nm or less, an average inter-particle distance of the carbon black is 200 nm or more and 600 nm or less, a coefficient of variation of an inter-particle distance is 1.2 or less, and SF-1 of the carbon black is 150 or less.

Abstract: An image generation device generates a plurality of reference in-focus images of an object placed on a surface of an image sensor by using a plurality of images captured by the image sensor using sensor pixels when the object is irradiated with light by a plurality of illuminators. Each of the reference in-focus images is an in-focus image corresponding to one of a plurality of virtual reference focal planes that are located between the image sensor and the plurality of illuminators. The plurality of reference focal planes pass through the object and are spaced apart from one another. The image generation device generates a three-dimensional image of the object by using the reference in-focus images and displays the three-dimensional image on a display screen.

Abstract: A socket includes a first base member that includes a module mount unit allowing a module including an imaging device and an object to be placed thereon and an electric connector that electrically connects the imaging device to an external apparatus, a second base member having an opening, and an engagement unit that causes the first base member to be engaged with the second base member under a condition that the module placed on the module mount unit is sandwiched by the first and second base members. When the first base member is engaged with the second base member by the engagement unit under a condition that the module placed on the module mount unit is sandwiched by the first base member and the second base member, the electric connector is electrically connected to the imaging device, and the object receives illumination light from a light source through the opening.

Abstract: An image acquisition device according to the present disclosure includes a lighting system and an irradiation direction decision section. In a module, a subject and an imaging element are integrally formed. The lighting system sequentially irradiates the subject with illumination light in a plurality of different irradiation directions based on the subject such that the illumination light transmitted through the subject is incident on the imaging element. The module acquires a plurality of images according to the plurality of different irradiation directions. Before the plurality of images are acquired according to the plurality of different irradiation directions, the irradiation direction decision section decides the plurality of different irradiation directions based on a difference between a first preliminary image and a second preliminary image.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and a photosensitive layer in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder and particles. Each of the particles include a core made of a substance represented by general formula (1), and a coating layer coating the core and containing an electrically conductive material: M1M2O3??(1) wherein M1 represents an element selected from the group consisting of Sr, Li, Na, K, and Ba, and M2 represents an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Nb, Ta, and Zr.

Abstract: A cooling water passage structure (10) for an internal combustion engine (1) provided with a supercharger (8), comprises a passage forming member (14) attached to a main body (2) of the internal combustion engine, and internally defining a branch passage (13) communicating with an outlet (12B) of a main body water jacket (12) formed in the main body of the internal combustion engine, and a water temperature sensor (80) provided in the passage forming member to detect a temperature of the cooling water flowing through the branch passage. The water temperature sensor is positioned in a part of a main supply passage (31) defined in the passage forming member closer to an inlet end of the main supply passage than a junction between the main supply passage and a supercharger return passage (34) is.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member which can simultaneously achieve less occurrence of leakage and the definition of an output image even when being an electrophotographic photosensitive member where a layer containing a metal oxide particle is adopted as an electroconductive layer, and which includes a support, an electroconductive layer and a photosensitive layer in this order, wherein the electroconductive layer contains a binder material and a particle represented by general formula (1): TiO2.00?XNY??(1) wherein Ti represents a titanium atom, O represents an oxygen atom, N represents a nitrogen atom and 0.00<Y<X?0.60 is satisfied.

Abstract: An image generation apparatus includes a plurality of irradiators, and a control circuit. The control circuit performs an operation including generating an in-focus image of an object in each of a plurality of predetermined focal planes, extracting a contour of at least one or more cross sections of the object represented in the plurality of in-focus images, generating at least one or more circumferences based on the contour of the at least one or more cross sections, generating a sphere image in the form of a three-dimensional image of at least one or more spheres, each sphere having one of the circumferences, generating a synthetic image by processing the sphere image such that a cross section appears, and displaying the resultant synthetic image on a display.

Abstract: An image generation device generates an image of an object placed on a surface of an image sensor by using a plurality of images each of which is captured by the image sensor when the object is irradiated with a corresponding one of a plurality of illuminators. The object includes first object and one or more second objects included in the first object. The image generation device determines a section of the first object including a largest number of feature points of second objects, generates an in-focus image using the section as a virtual focal plane, and causes the in-focus image to be displayed on a display screen.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which leakage hardly occurs even in the case of using a layer containing metal oxide particles as an electrically conductive layer in the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and which is compatible with definition in output images, the electrophotographic photosensitive member sequentially including: a support, an electrically conductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, the electrically conductive layer containing a binder material and particles represented by General Formula (1). Nb2.00O5.00-XNY??(1) (In Formula (1), Nb is a niobium atom, O is an oxygen atom, N is a nitrogen atom, and 0.00<Y<X?4.00).

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and photosensitive layer in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder and particles. The particles have a core containing titanium oxide, and a coating layer coating the core and containing titanium oxide doped with niobium or tantalum.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of achieving both high leak resistance and reduction in variations in dark part potential and bright part potential due to repeated use even when CB is used for an electrically conductive layer. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a support, an electrically conductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, sequentially, wherein the electrically conductive layer contains a binder resin and carbon black, a number average primary particle diameter of the carbon black is 200 nm or more and 500 nm or less, an average inter-particle distance of the carbon black is 200 nm or more and 600 nm or less, a coefficient of variation of an inter-particle distance is 1.2 or less, and SF-1 of the carbon black is 150 or less.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which leakage hardly occurs even in the case of using a layer containing metal oxide particles as an electrically conductive layer in the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and which is compatible with definition in output images, the electrophotographic photosensitive member sequentially including: a support, an electrically conductive layer, and a photosensitive layer, the electrically conductive layer containing a binder material and particles represented by General Formula (1). Nb2.00O5.00-XNY ??(1) (In Formula (1), Nb is a niobium atom, O is an oxygen atom, N is a nitrogen atom, and 0.00<Y<X?4.00.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and photosensitive layer in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder and particles. The particles have a core containing titanium oxide, and a coating layer coating the core and containing titanium oxide doped with niobium or tantalum.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support member, an electroconductive layer, and a photosensitive layer in this order. The electroconductive layer contains a binder and particles. Each of the particles include a core made of a substance represented by general formula (1), and a coating layer coating the core and containing an electrically conductive material: M1M2O3??(1) wherein M1 represents an element selected from the group consisting of Sr, Li, Na, K, and Ba, and M2 represents an element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Nb, Ta, and Zr.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member which can simultaneously achieve less occurrence of leakage and the definition of an output image even when being an electrophotographic photosensitive member where a layer containing a metal oxide particle is adopted as an electroconductive layer, and which includes a support, an electroconductive layer and a photosensitive layer in this order, wherein the electroconductive layer contains a binder material and a particle represented by general formula (1): TiO2.00?XNY ??(1) wherein Ti represents a titanium atom, O represents an oxygen atom, N represents a nitrogen atom and 0.00<Y<X?0.60 is satisfied.

Abstract: To provide a charging member which suppresses the generation of density nonuniformity in an electrophotographic image caused by charge nonuniformity due to adhesion of charged substances, such as toner particles. There is provided a charging member which has a surface layer, the surface layer includes conductive zinc oxide whiskers each formed of a nuclear portion and four needle crystal portions extending radially outward therefrom, and the needle crystal portions are exposed to form convex portions of a surface of the surface layer.

Abstract: A cooling water passage structure (10) for an internal combustion engine (1) provided with a supercharger (8), comprises a passage forming member (14) attached to a main body (2) of the internal combustion engine, and internally defining a branch passage (13) communicating with an outlet (12B) of a main body water jacket (12) formed in the main body of the internal combustion engine, and a water temperature sensor (80) provided in the passage forming member to detect a temperature of the cooling water flowing through the branch passage. The water temperature sensor is positioned in a part of a main supply passage (31) defined in the passage forming member closer to an inlet end of the main supply passage than a junction between the main supply passage and a supercharger return passage (34) is.