Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide an optical transmission system capable of controlling a transmission capacity and a signal processing load of a MIMO equalizer, without depending on the number of propagation modes of the optical fiber.

Abstract: The purpose of the present invention is to provide an optical fiber amplifier capable of seamlessly and collectively amplifying optical signals in a plurality of bands. In order to achieve the aforementioned purpose, the optical fiber amplifier according to the present invention is the optical fiber amplifier that amplifies multiple wavelength bands, and in cross-section, one signal light primary propagation region, and a doped region where rare-earth ions have been added, wherein the doped region includes the rare-earth-doped optical fiber existing other than the propagation region.

Abstract: Cast-coated papers having high surface gloss, smoothness and high surface strength are produced by applying an aqueous pigment coating onto the surface of a base paper, drying the applied pigment coating to form a cast-coated layer, rewetting the pigment coating layer with a rewetting solution, pressing the rewetted pigment coating layer into contact with a heated, highly polished drum to impart a high gloss surface, the rewetting solution containing a dispersant and/or a release agent as its main components and having its pH adjusted to be between 2 and 4 by incorporation of at least one carboxylic acid selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, tartatic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, malic acid and benzoic acid.

Abstract: A highly palatable soft granular foodstuff suitable for a wide range of animals including both livestock and fish is prepared by adding propylene glycol and a fatty component to the basic nutritional components, moisture content being adjusted. No heat treatment is necessary.