Abstract: The disclosure relates to methods for extracting an alginate biomass as well as related extract compositions. A biomass pulp is subjected to a multi-step or multi-stage extraction process including a first alkaline extraction followed by a second water or dilution extraction. The first extraction involves contacting the biomass pulp with a base such as a carbonic acid salt to form a biomass dough and convert alginate present in the biomass to a water-soluble alginate salt. The second extraction involves adding water to the biomass dough to form a biomass suspension, followed by partitioning and separation to form separate biosolids and bioliquids phases. Both extraction steps are performed at mild temperatures to preserve high-molecular weight polymer complexes including alginate and protein materials extracted from the biomass. The biosolids, bioliquids, and corresponding polymer complexes have favorable emulsifier properties, for example for use in cosmetic and other formulations.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a diagnostic apparatus for determining the level of certain nutrients in a body fluid sample, which are used by clinicians to assess proper dosages of anticoagulants, such as coumarin. Specifically exemplified is a diagnostic apparatus that determines a patient's vitamin K nutritional status by determining the level of vitamin K in a blood or serum sample based on a direct correlation with a concentration of carboxylated osteocalcin in the sample.