Abstract: A combustion control method in an engine of a vehicle, the method includes the following steps. A step of specifying a NOx concentration in an exhaust gas, when an EGR rate is out of a first reference range, and determining whether a value thereof falls within a predetermined second reference range; a step of, estimating a heat generation rate profile indicating crank angle dependency of a heat generation rate in the engine, when the NOx concentration is determined out of the second reference range; and a step of comparing a value of an index characterizing the estimated heat generation rate profile with a value of an index in an ideal heat generation rate profile specified from a driving condition of the vehicle and controlling a combustion condition in the engine based on a result.

Abstract: A light-emitting-element housing member includes: a bottom base material having a first surface, and a mounting part on the first surface on which a light emitting element is to be mounted; and a frame member that includes side walls erected on the first surface to surround the mounting part, and an opening that penetrates through one of the side walls. The opening includes an inner edge having a first side and a second side, the first side extends along the first surface and is arranged at a position close to the bottom base material, and the second side extends along the first surface and is arranged at a position far from the bottom base material, and the second side is longer than the first side. An array of the plurality of light-emitting-element housing members, and a light emitting device are also described.

Abstract: A combustion control method during a rich spike engine operation includes the steps of: specifying an exhaust gas A/F based on a first output from a NOx sensor on an upstream side of a catalyst; specifying a NOx concentration in the exhaust gas on the upstream side of the catalyst based on a second output from the NOx sensor; and when the A/F is less than a reference range and the NOx concentration is not more than a reference value, calculating a value P1?P0 between a cylinder pressure P1 at EVO during the rich spike operation and that pressure P0 during a normal operation, when P1?P0 is larger than the reference range and P1>P0, a fuel injection timing at a post injection is retarded, when P1?P0 is smaller than the reference range and P1<P0, the timing is advanced.

Abstract: A combustion control method during a rich spike engine operation includes the steps of: specifying an exhaust gas A/F based on a first output from a NOx sensor on an upstream side of a catalyst; specifying a NOx concentration in the exhaust gas on the upstream side of the catalyst based on a second output from the NOx sensor; and when the A/F is less than a reference range and the NOx concentration is not more than a reference value, calculating a value P1?P0 between a cylinder pressure P1 at EVO during the rich spike operation and that pressure P0 during a normal operation, when P1?P0 is larger than the reference range and P1>P0, a fuel injection timing at a post injection is retarded, when P1?P0 is smaller than the reference range and P1<P0, the timing is advanced.

Abstract: A combustion control method in an engine of a vehicle wherein an exhaust path includes a catalyst and a NOx sensor provided on an upstream side of the catalyst, the method includes the following steps. A step of determining whether a NOx concentration in an exhaust gas falls within a predetermined reference range; a step of estimating a heat generation rate profile indicating crank angle dependency of a heat generation rate in the engine when the NOx concentration is determined out of the reference range; and a step of comparing a value of an index characterizing the estimated heat generation rate profile with a value of an index in an ideal heat generation rate profile specified from a driving condition of the vehicle and controlling a combustion condition in the engine based on a result.

Abstract: A combustion control method in an engine of a vehicle, the method includes the following steps. A step of specifying a NOx concentration in an exhaust gas, when an EGR rate is out of a first reference range, and determining whether a value thereof falls within a predetermined second reference range; a step of, estimating a heat generation rate profile indicating crank angle dependency of a heat generation rate in the engine, when the NOx concentration is determined out of the second reference range; and a step of comparing a value of an index characterizing the estimated heat generation rate profile with a value of an index in an ideal heat generation rate profile specified from a driving condition of the vehicle and controlling a combustion condition in the engine based on a result.

Abstract: A controller of an engine performing a premixed combustion operation and a diffusion combustion operation that are switchable in accordance with the traveling state of a vehicle, includes a detector detecting the gear position of the transmission mounted in the vehicle, and a changer changing the traveling conditions for performing the premixed combustion operation on the basis of the gear position detected by the detector.

Abstract: There is described herein a method of prognosing and/or predicting disease progression in subject with prostate cancer, the method comprising: a) providing a sample containing genetic material from cancer cells; b)determining or measuring at least 2 patient biomarkers regarding the prostate cancer tumor selected from the group consisting of: T category, ACTL6B methylation, TCERGL1 methylation, chr7:61 Mbp inter-chromosomal translocation, ATM single nucleotide variants and MYC copy number aberrations; c) comparing said patient biomarkers to corresponding reference or control biomarkers; and d) determining the likelihood of disease progression; wherein a likelihood of disease progression is higher with each of ACTL6B hyper-methylation, TCERGL1 hypo-methylation, higher T category, and higher incidences of chr7:61 Mbp inter-chromosomal translocation, ATM single nucleotide variants and MYC copy number aberrations, when the difference is statistically significant on comparison with the reference or control biomarke

Abstract: A controller of an engine performing a premixed combustion operation and a diffusion combustion operation that are switchable in accordance with the traveling state of a vehicle, includes a detector detecting the gear position of the transmission mounted in the vehicle, and a changer changing the traveling conditions for performing the premixed combustion operation on the basis of the gear position detected by the detector.

Abstract: A filling method is provided. The filling method has a filling step in which a valve at the tip of a vertically movable nozzle of a filling device is disposed within a container and a liquid containing at least either or both of cells of a microorganism and a substance treated thereby transferred from a storage tank is sprayed from the valve. In the filling step, either or both of an initial flow rate for filling and a later stage flow rate for filling are less than the maximum flow rate. In addition, the initial filling stage in this filling step, the valve at the tip of the movable nozzle is disposed in the proximity of the bottom surface of the container, and thereafter, the movable nozzle is made to rise according to the filling conditions for the liquid in the container.