Abstract: A formal compound is represented by formula (1): wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 26 carbon atoms, A.sup.1 is an alkylene group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, a is 1 to 100, A.sup.2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, b is 1 to 5, R.sup.2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, c is 0 to 5, R.sup.3 is an alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, d is 0 to 5, A.sup.3 is an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e is 0 to 5, and R.sup.4 is a hydrogen atom or CH.sub.2 (OA.sup.4).sub.f OR.sup.5, in which A.sup.4 is an alkylene group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, f is 1 to 100, and R.sup.5 is hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 26 carbon atoms, and wherein each of (A.sup.1 O).sub.a, (OA.sup.2).sub.b, (NR.sup.2).sub.c, (R.sup.3 NH).sub.d, (A.sup.3 O).sub.e, and (OA.sup.4).sub.

Abstract: An organic lubricating coating composition for use in plastic deformation of a metal sheet comprises a maleic anhydride/styrene copolymer which has been at least partially esterified with one or more organic hydroxy compounds, or a salt of the esterified copolymer. The molar ratio of the maleic anhydride component to the styrene component in the copolymer is in the range of from 1:99 to 75:25. At least 10% by weight of the organic hydroxy compounds is comprised of a long-chain hydroxy compound containing from 10 to 30 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for improving low temperature cold flow of fuel oils by using a cross-linked ester compound consisting essentially of a nitrogen-containing compound having hydroxyl group, a straight chain fatty acid, and a cross-linking agent.

Abstract: The cold flow of fuel oils is improved by adding esters of addition products of epoxides of specifically limited nitrogen-containing compounds with linear saturated fatty acids or a combination of the esters and polymers of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of olefins, alkyl esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and vinyl esters of saturated fatty acids to fuel oils.

Abstract: The cold flow of fuel oils is improved by adding esters of nitrogen-containing compounds having polyhydroxyl groups with linear saturated fatty acids or a combination of said esters and polymers of one or more monomers selected from the group consisting of olefins, alkyl esters of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and vinyl esters of saturated fatty acids to fuel oils.

Abstract: Coal dispersing oil compositions containing 10-89.99% by weight of a petroleum oil, 10-89.99% by weight of coal powders and 0.01 to 5% by weight of a surface active agent are produced by mixing previously milled coal powders and a petroleum oil and then dehydrating, or by millng and dehydrating coal in the petroleum oil, and then adding a surface active agent thereto to obtain dispersion.

Abstract: Coal dispersing oil compositions containing 10-90% by weight of a petroleum oil, 10-90% by weight of coal powders and 0.01-5% by weight of at least one surface active agent selected from phosphoric esters, salts of phosphoric esters, organic sulfonic acids, salts of organic sulfonic acids, sulfuric esters and salts of sulfuric esters.