Abstract: A toner is provided. The toner includes a resin and a fluorine-containing component. The toner satisfies the following formula: 5.0?FXPS/FXRF?25.0 where FXPS (atomic %) represents a content rate of fluorine atom in the toner determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FXRF (weight %) represents another content rate of fluorine atom in the toner determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF).

Abstract: A toner is provided. The toner includes a resin and a fluorine-containing component. The toner satisfies the following formula: 5.0?FXPS/FXRF?25.0 where FXPS (atomic %) represents a content rate of fluorine atom in the toner determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and FXRF (weight %) represents another content rate of fluorine atom in the toner determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF).

Abstract: A toner is provided. The toner includes an amorphous resin, a crystalline resin dispersed in the amorphous resin, and a release agent. The toner satisfies the following inequality: B/A<0.8 where A represents a perimeter of the crystalline resin and B represents a length of a part of the perimeter A of the crystalline resin at which the crystalline resin is in contact with the amorphous resin, A and B being measured from a cross-sectional image of the toner observed with transmission electron microscope.

Abstract: A toner is provided. The toner includes an amorphous resin, a crystalline resin dispersed in the amorphous resin, and a release agent. The toner satisfies the following inequality: B/A<0.8 where A represents a perimeter of the crystalline resin and B represents a length of a part of the perimeter A of the crystalline resin at which the crystalline resin is in contact with the amorphous resin, A and B being measured from a cross-sectional image of the toner observed with transmission electron microscope.

Abstract: A toner, wherein the toner is obtained by washing a toner particle dispersion liquid which is obtained by adding cellulase to a dispersion slurry, and the dispersion slurry is obtained from a dispersion liquid or an emulsion of a toner material-containing oil phase in an aqueous medium, and wherein the dispersion liquid or the emulsion contains a cellulosic dispersion stabilizing agent.

Abstract: Provided is a toner including at least a polyester resin, wherein the polyester resin has a urethane bond and a urea bond, wherein a ratio (B)/(A) between a nitrogen content (A) in a compound that is contained in a pyrolysate of the toner produced when the toner is pyrolyzed from 50° C. to 700° C. and has two isocyanate groups and a nitrogen content (B) in a compound that is contained in the pyrolysate and has one isocyanate group and one amino group satisfies 0.6?(B)/(A)?1.3, and wherein a nitrogen content in the surface of the toner is from 0 atom % to 0.9 atom %.

Abstract: A black toner for developing a latent electrostatic image, including: a toner base containing a pigment, a binder resin, a releasing agent, a compound containing fluorine and a compound containing sulfur; and an external additive, wherein the toner contains the external additive on a surface of the toner base, and wherein an amount of the fluorine in the toner base is 200 ppm by mass to 600 ppm by mass as measured by combustion-ion chromatography, and an amount of the sulfur in the toner base is 1,000 ppm by mass to 1,500 ppm by mass as measured by the combustion-ion chromatography.

Abstract: A toner, wherein the toner is obtained by washing a toner particle dispersion liquid which is obtained by adding cellulase to a dispersion slurry, and the dispersion slurry is obtained from a dispersion liquid or an emulsion of a toner material-containing oil phase in an aqueous medium, and wherein the dispersion liquid or the emulsion contains a cellulosic dispersion stabilizing agent.

Abstract: A cyclone classifier for classifying a particulate material, including an outer cylinder having a waistless part and an inverted-cone part vertically connected to an underside of the waistless part, and an inner cylinder which includes an exhaust opening such that the inner cylinder has a position-adjustable bottom end.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a toner including dissolving or dispersing a toner component containing a colorant and a resin in an organic solvent to obtain a liquid solution or dispersion, continuously emulsifying and dispersing the liquid solution or dispersion in an aqueous medium containing a particulate dispersant to obtain emulsified primary particles, controlling cohesion and agglomeration of the emulsified primary particles and removing the organic solvent, such that the ratio (T1/T2) of the arithmetic mean accumulation time (T1) of the emulsified primary particles obtained in the controlling step to the arithmetic mean accumulation time (T2) of the emulsified primary particles obtained in the continuously emulsifying and dispersing step is from 1 to 5.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing toner including adding an oil phase comprising an organic solvent in which a binder resin, a coloring agent and a releasing agent are dissolved or dispersed and an aqueous phase to an emulsification device equipped with a stirrer, continuously dispersing or emulsifying the oil phase and the aqueous phase in the emulsification device equipped with a stirrer to form a liquid dispersion or emulsion comprising oil phase particles, transporting the liquid dispersion or emulsion to a tank, removing the organic solvent from the liquid dispersion or emulsion followed by drying to form mother toner particles, wherein the releasing agent has been preliminarily prepared to have a dispersion diameter of from 0.15 to 0.

Abstract: A cyclone classifier for classifying a particulate material, including an outer cylinder having a waistless part and an inverted-cone part vertically connected to an underside of the waistless part, and an inner cylinder which includes an exhaust opening such that the inner cylinder has a position-adjustable bottom end.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a toner including dissolving or dispersing a toner component containing a colorant and a resin in an organic solvent to obtain a liquid solution or dispersion, continuously emulsifying and dispersing the liquid solution or dispersion in an aqueous medium containing a particulate dispersant to obtain emulsified primary particles, controlling cohesion and agglomeration of the emulsified primary particles and removing the organic solvent, such that the ratio (T1/T2) of the arithmetic mean accumulation time (T1) of the emulsified primary particles obtained in the controlling step to the arithmetic mean accumulation time (T2) of the emulsified primary particles obtained in the continuously emulsifying and dispersing step is from 1 to 5.

Abstract: A spectrometer slit switching mechanism includes a slit plate having a plurality of entrance slits and exit slits formed at prescribed positions, parallel support rods for supporting the slit plate so as to be movable along the support rods, a screw portion formed on at least one support rod for transmitting forced to the slit plate, and a driving motor for transmitting rotational energy to the support rod provided with the screw portion, wherein the entrance slits are arranged on a line that runs parallel to the direction of movement of the slit plate and the exit slits are arranged on a line that is both parallel to and spaced a prescribed distance from the line on which the entrance slits are arranged. In accordance with this structure, the driving motor is operated in the clockwise and counterclockwise directions to raise and lower the slit plate in order to align a desired entrance slit and exit slit with the light path of the spectrometer.