Abstract: A method may produce a heat regenerating material particle, including: preparing a slurry by adding a powder of the heat regenerating substance to an alginic acid aqueous solution and mixing the powder of the heat regenerating substance and the aqueous alginic acid solution; and forming a particle by gelling the slurry by dropping the slurry into a gelling solution. The gelling solution may include a metal element including calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg) beryllium (Be), strontium (Sr), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co). The forming may involve controlling the gelation time so that a concentration of the metal element in a first region of the particle becomes lower than a concentration of the metal element in a second region. The second region may be closer to an outer edge of the particle compared to the first region.

Abstract: A method may produce a two-stage heat regenerating cryogenic refrigerator including a vacuum vessel, first and second cylinder disposed in the vessel, the second cylinder coaxially connected to the first cylinder, and first and second regenerator respectively disposed in the first and second cylinder. The method may include: accommodating a first heat regenerating material (HRM) in the first regenerator; and filling a plurality of HRM particles in the second regenerator. The HRM particles may be a second HRM, each of the HRM particles including an oxide or oxysulfide heat regenerating substance having a maximum value of specific heat at a temperature of ?20 K of 0.3+ J/cm3·K and Ca, Mn, Mg, Be, Sr, Al, Fe, Cu, Ni, and/or Co. Each of the HRM particles may include a first and second region, the second region being closer to an HRM particle outer edge than the first region.

Abstract: The magnetic composite material of the embodiments is a magnetic composite material that includes a magnetic material having a plane at the surface; and a plate-shaped reinforcing material, the magnetic material having a plurality of magnetic bodies having a planar structure and having a magnetic metal phase containing at least one first element selected from the group consisting of iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni), and principal surfaces; and an intercalated phase containing at least one second element selected from the group consisting of oxygen (O), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and fluorine (F). In the magnetic composite material, the principal surfaces are oriented to be approximately parallel to the plane and have the difference in coercivity on the basis of direction within the plane.

Abstract: A granulated particle for cold storage material particle according to an embodiment includes: a rare earth oxysulfide containing at least one rare earth element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, or a rare earth oxide containing at least one rare earth element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu; and carbon having a concentration of 0.001 wt % or more and 50 wt % or less, in which the granulated particle has a relative density of 10% or more and 50% or less.

Abstract: Flaky magnetic metal particles of embodiments each have a flat surface and a magnetic metal phase containing iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and silicon (Si). An amount of Co is from 0.001 at % to 80 at % with respect to the total amount of Fe and Co. An amount of Si is from 0.001 at % to 30 at % with respect to the total amount of the magnetic metal phase. The flaky magnetic metal particles have an average thickness of from 10 nm to 100 ?m. An average value of the ratio of the average length in the flat surface with respect to a thickness in each of the flaky magnetic metal particles is from 5 to 10,000. The flaky magnetic metal particles have the difference in coercivity on the basis of direction within the flat surface.

Abstract: A base material is welded by a first welding method in a case where a welding parameter related to heat input to the base material is less than a first threshold value. The base material is welded by a second welding method in a case where the welding parameter is less than a second threshold value and is more than the first threshold value. The base material is welded by a third welding method in a case where the welding parameter is more than the second threshold value. By adjusting welding conditions regardless of the thickness of the base material, a welding method suitable for the thickness of the base material is determined to provide a welding with little spatter and no meltdown of the base material.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes a moving unit to move a developing roller, a driving portion to be capable of rotating the developing roller in either case where the developing roller is located in a contact position in contact with a photosensitive drum or a separated position separated from the photosensitive drum, an acquiring portion to acquire information on a rotation amount of the developing roller and a notifying portion. The acquiring portion corrects a first information, on the rotation amount of the developing roller in the contact position, to a third information by using a first correction coefficient, and corrects a second information, on the rotation amount of the developing roller in the separated position, to a fourth information by using a second correction coefficient. The notifying portion performs the notification on a lifetime of the developing roller based on the third and the fourth information.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a charging member, an exposure unit, a developing unit including a developer carrying member and a regulating member, a transfer member, a counting portion, a driving portion, and a controller. The controller carries out control so as to perform an image forming operation capable of forming a developer image, on the image bearing member, to be transferred onto a recording material and a non-image forming operation in which the developer image to be transferred onto the recording material is not formed on the image bearing member. Depending on each of count values in a plurality of regions acquired by the counting portion in a predetermined period, the controller controls the driving portion so as to change a rotation amount of the developer carrying member in a developing rotation operation for rotating the developer carrying member during the non-image forming operation.

Abstract: A plurality of flaky magnetic metal particles have an average thickness of 10 nm to 100 ?m, each of the particles having a flat surface; a magnetic metal phase containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, and Ni; and a difference in coercivity on the basis of direction within the surface, the average value of the ratio of the average length within the surface with respect to the thickness being from 5-10,000. The particles include a particle having at least one of a crack in a thickness direction having a depth equivalent to 10% or more of the thickness of the particle and a width shorter than the depth, and a crack in a direction parallel to the surface having a length equivalent to 10% or more of the thickness of the particle and a width shorter than the length.

Abstract: Magnetic cold storage material particles with a low breakage rate in the case of being subjected to long-term vibration caused by operation of a refrigerator under a cryogenic temperature are provided. A cold storage device and a refrigerator, each of which includes the above-described magnetic cold storage material particles and does not degrade refrigeration performance under long-term operation, are provided. Apparatuses provided with this refrigerator, such as a superconducting magnet, are provided. Each magnetic cold storage material particle of the embodiment is composed of an intermetallic compound containing a rare earth element, and an area percentage of voids present in its cross-section is 0.0001% or more and 15% or less. Each of the cold storage device of the embodiment, the refrigerator of the embodiment, and the apparatuses provided with this refrigerator, such as a superconducting magnet, includes the magnetic cold storage material particles of the embodiment.

Abstract: According to an embodiment, a permanent magnet has a composition represented by a composition formula: RpFeqMrCutCo100-p-q-r-t (where, R is at least one element selected from rare earth elements, M is at least one element selected from Zr, Ti, and Hf, p is a number that satisfies 10.0 at %?p?14.5 at %, r is a number that satisfies 1.5 at %<r?4.2 at %, t is a number that satisfies 0.5 at ?%?t 9.0 at %, and q is a number that satisfies 17.0 at %?q?26.0 at %); and a metallic structure including a cell phase having a Th2Zn17 type crystal phase, a cell wall phase formed so as to partition the Th2Zn17 type crystal phase, and a platelet phase formed so as to intersect with a c-axis of the Th2Zn17 type crystal phase, in which an average distance between the platelet phases is 10 nm or more and 30 nm or less.

Abstract: A method may produce a heat regenerating material particle, including: preparing a slurry by adding a powder of the heat regenerating substance to an alginic acid aqueous solution and mixing the powder of the heat regenerating substance and the aqueous alginic acid solution; and forming a particle by gelling the slurry by dropping the slurry into a gelling solution. The gelling solution may include a metal element including calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg) beryllium (Be), strontium (Sr), aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co). The forming may involve controlling the gelation time so that a concentration of the metal element in a first region of the particle becomes lower than a concentration of the metal element in a second region. The second region may be closer to an outer edge of the particle compared to the first region.

Abstract: A method may produce a two-stage heat regenerating cryogenic refrigerator including a vacuum vessel, first and second cylinder disposed in the vessel, the second cylinder coaxially connected to the first cylinder, and first and second regenerator respectively disposed in the first and second cylinder. The method may include: accommodating a first heat regenerating material (HRM) in the first regenerator; and filling a plurality of HRM particles in the second regenerator. The HRM particles may be a second HRM, each of the HRM particles including an oxide or oxysulfide heat regenerating substance having a maximum value of specific heat at a temperature of ?20 K of 0.3+ J/cm3·K and Ca, Mn, Mg, Be, Sr, Al, Fe, Cu, Ni, and/or Co. Each of the HRM particles may include a first and second region, the second region being closer to an HRM particle outer edge than the first region.

Abstract: A developer used in a developing apparatus equipped with a metal blade includes a toner base particle and external additives, the external additives including a silica particle with a particle diameter of 5 nm or more and 25 nm or less and an inorganic spacer particle with a particle diameter of 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less, and an area occupancy of the silica particle on a surface of the toner base particle is 40% or more.

Abstract: Flaky magnetic metal particles of embodiments each have a flat surface and a magnetic metal phase containing iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and silicon (Si). An amount of Co is from 0.001 at% to 80 at% with respect to the total amount of Fe and Co. An amount of Si is from 0.001 at% to 30 at% with respect to the total amount of the magnetic metal phase. The flaky magnetic metal particles have an average thickness of from 10 nm to 100 µm. An average value of the ratio of the average length in the flat surface with respect to a thickness in each of the flaky magnetic metal particles is from 5 to 10,000. The flaky magnetic metal particles have the difference in coercivity on the basis of direction within the flat surface.

Abstract: A two-stage heat regenerating cryogenic refrigerator may include: a vacuum vessel; a first and second cylinder in the vessel; the second cylinder coaxially connected to the first cylinder; a 1st regenerator in the first cylinder and accommodating heat regenerating material (HRM) 1; and a second regenerator in the 2nd cylinder accommodating HRM 2, HRM 2 including HRM particles, each HRM particle including a metal element and a heat regenerating substance including an oxide or oxysulfide and having a maximum specific heat at ?20 K of ?0.3 J/cm3·K; each HRM particle including a 1st and 2nd region, the 2nd region being closer to each HRM particle's outer edge than the 1st, and the 2nd region having a higher metal element concentration than the 1st, the 1st and 2nd region containing the heat regenerating substance.

Abstract: A cold storage material of an embodiment includes a rare earth oxysulfide containing at least one rare earth element selected from the group consisting of Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu, and a first group element of 0.001 atom % or more and 10 atom % or less, in which a maximum value of volume specific heat in a temperature range of 2 K or more and 10 K or less is 0.5 J/(cm3·K) or more.

Abstract: A cold storage material particle of an embodiment includes at least one first element selected from the group consisting of a rare earth element, silver (Ag), and copper (Cu) and a second element that is different from the first element and forms a multivalent metal ion in an aqueous solution, in which an atomic concentration of the second element is 0.001 atomic % or more and 60 atomic % or less, and a maximum value of volume specific heat at a temperature of 20K or less is 0.3 J/cm3·K or more.

Abstract: A developing device includes a frame, a cylindrical developer carrying member rotatably supported by the frame and configured to carry a developer containing toner particles, and a regulating member fixed to the frame at one end thereof and including a contact portion which contacts the developer carrying member at the other end of the regulating member and which forms a contact nip between the regulating member and the developer carrying member. When a position of the contact portion where a maximum of a pressure distribution of the contact portion to the developer carrying member with respect to a rotational direction of the developer carrying member is indicated is a reference position, the contact portion includes a first surface portion positioned upstream of the reference position and a second surface portion positioned downstream of the reference position with respect to the rotational direction.

Abstract: Flaky magnetic metal particles of embodiments each have a flat surface and a magnetic metal phase containing iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), and silicon (Si). An amount of Co is from 0.001 at % to 80 at % with respect to the total amount of Fe and Co. An amount of Si is from 0.001 at % to 30 at % with respect to the total amount of the magnetic metal phase. The flaky magnetic metal particles have an average thickness of from 10 nm to 100 ?m. An average value of the ratio of the average length in the flat surface with respect to a thickness in each of the flaky magnetic metal particles is from 5 to 10,000. The flaky magnetic metal particles have the difference in coercivity on the basis of direction within the flat surface.