Abstract: An image encoder performs a first partitioning including using a first partition mode, without writing first splitting information indicative of the first partition mode into a bitstream, to split a first block into a plurality of second blocks in response to that the first block is located adjacent to an edge of a picture and that the dimensions of the first block satisfy a first condition; and performs a second partitioning on the second block by writing second splitting information indicative of a second partition mode into the bitstream, and using the second partition mode to split the second block into a plurality of coding units (CUs), wherein the second partition mode prohibits the quad tree splitting of the second block in certain conditions.

Abstract: An encoder includes memory, and circuitry accessible to the memory. The circuitry accessible to the memory: determines whether OBMC is applicable to generation of a prediction image of a current block, according to whether BIO is to be applied to the generation of the prediction image of the current block; when BIO is to be applied to the generation of the prediction image of the current block, determines that OBMC is not applicable to the generation of the prediction image of the current block, and applies BIO to the generation of the prediction image of the current block without applying OBMC.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data decoding method includes: performing at least one of: a first process including: determining a first context based on first information identifying a first point cloud including a first prediction point that is referred to for calculating a predicted value of a first three-dimensional point according to inter prediction; and arithmetic-decoding, using the first context determined, second information identifying the first prediction point; or a second process including: determining a second context based on at least one of the first information or the second information; and arithmetic-decoding, using the second context determined, a prediction residual of the first three-dimensional point.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory connected to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry: derives a correction parameter using only a neighboring reconstructed image that neighbors a processing unit which has a determined size and is located at an upper left of a current block to be processed in an image, among neighboring reconstructed images that neighbor the current block, and performs correction processing of the current block based on the correction parameter derived, when the current block has a size larger than the determined size.

Abstract: Provided is a video reception method performed by a video reception apparatus including a display. The video reception method includes: receiving a reception signal multiplexed from a video signal and an audio signal; obtaining the video signal and first transfer characteristics information by demultiplexing the reception signal, the first transfer characteristics information being information for specifying, per random access unit, a transfer function corresponding to a luminance dynamic range of the video signal; obtaining video data by decoding the video signal obtained; and displaying the video data while controlling a luminance dynamic range of the display per random access unit according to the first transfer characteristics information.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value. In the CCALF process, in response to a coordinate of the second reconstructed image sample being (x, y), coordinates of the first reconstructed image samples are (2x, 2y?1), (2x?1, 2y), (2x, 2y), (2x+1, 2y), (2x?1, 2y+1), (2x, 2y+1), (2x+1, 2y+1), and (2x, 2y+2).

Abstract: An image encoder is provided including circuitry and a memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in operation, responds to a size of a block satisfying a size condition by generating a prediction image using a prediction mode selected from a plurality of prediction modes. The plurality of prediction modes include a first prediction mode in which a prediction process uses a motion vector and a reference block in a same picture as the block. The circuitry encodes the block using the prediction image.

Abstract: A moving picture coding method includes: making a determination as to whether or not to code all blocks in a current picture in the skip mode; setting, based on a result of the determination, a first flag indicating whether or not a temporally neighboring block is to be referenced, a value of a parameter for determining a total number of merging candidates, and a second flag for each block included in the current picture, the second flag indicating whether or not the block is to be coded in the skip mode; calculating, as a merging candidate, a neighboring block usable for merging; and coding an index which indicates a merging candidate to be used for coding of the current block and attaching the coded index to a bitstream.

Abstract: An encoder, includes: circuitry; and memory. Using the memory, the circuitry: in inter prediction for a current block, determines a base motion vector, and writes, in an encoded signal, a delta motion vector representing (i) one direction among a plurality of directions including a diagonal direction and (ii) a distance from the base motion vector; and encodes the current block using the delta motion vector and the base motion vector as a motion vector of the current block.

Abstract: An encoder: includes circuitry, and memory coupled to the circuitry; stores a first parameter into a bitstream, the first parameter indicating whether a syntax element related to a chroma tool offset is present in the bitstream; when the first parameter indicates that the syntax element is present in the bitstream, (i) stores, in the bitstream, one or more second parameters that are used in deblocking filtering for a chroma sample of a current image, in addition to the syntax element, (ii) performs the deblocking filtering using the one or more second parameters, and (iii) encodes the current image; and when the first parameter indicates that the syntax element is not present in the bitstream, encodes the current image without storing the one or more second parameters into the bitstream.

Abstract: A method for providing information includes: arranging, on the basis of taste information regarding a user and the menu information regarding a second restaurant indicated by a store identifier, first menu items included in the menu information in order according to the taste information; and causing the first menu items arranged in the order according to the taste information to be displayed in a first display area of a display screen of a terminal apparatus, and causing second menu items specified by the second restaurant to be displayed in a second display area of the display screen.

Abstract: A data generation method is for generating video data that covers a second luminance dynamic range wider than a first luminance dynamic range and has reproduction compatibility with a first device that does not support reproduction of video having the second luminance dynamic range and supports reproduction of video having the first luminance dynamic range, and includes: generating a video signal to be included in the video data using a second OETF; storing, into VUI in the video data, first transfer function information for identifying a first OETF to be referred to by the first device when the first device decodes the video data; and storing, into SEI in the video data, second transfer function information for identifying a second OETF to be referred to by a second device supporting reproduction of video having the second luminance dynamic range when the second device decodes the video data.

Abstract: An encoder that includes memory and circuitry coupled to the memory. The circuitry encodes a slice into one or more data access regions in a variable length encoding process. The circuitry encodes one or more offsets into a slice header, based on a flag written into a sequence header and a total number of the one or more data access regions. The one or more offsets each specify a head position of a corresponding one of the one or more data access regions in a bitstream. When the flag indicates that the one or more offsets are to be encoded and the total number is at least two, the one or more offsets are encoded. The flag switches between encoding and not encoding the one or more offsets regardless of whether the total number is at least two.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. In operation, the circuitry performs a first resampling process that changes a resolution of an image to be processed corresponding to one of an image to be encoded or a reference image for the image to be encoded, and in the first resampling process, the circuitry changes the resolution of the image to be processed, by changing a resolution of one component among a plurality of components of the image to be processed, and retains each resolution of one or more remaining components among the plurality of components.

Abstract: A three-dimensional data creation method for use in a vehicle including a sensor and a data receiver that transmits and receives three-dimensional data to and from an external device. The three-dimensional data creation method includes: creating second three-dimensional data based on information detected by the sensor and first three-dimensional data received by the data receiver; and transmitting, to the external device, third three-dimensional data that is part of the second three-dimensional data.

Abstract: Provided is an encoder includes: circuitry; and memory coupled to the circuitry, in which in operation, the circuitry: generates a prediction image of a current block to be processed, using a first motion vector; and updates a history based motion vector predictor (HMVP) table using a first candidate having the first motion vector, the HMVP table storing, in a first in first out (FIFO) method, a plurality of second candidates each having a second motion vector used for a processed block, and in the updating of the HMVP table, the circuitry: determines whether a size of the current block is less than or equal to a threshold size; and skips the updating of the HMVP table when the size of the current block is determined to be less than or equal to the threshold size.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory. The circuitry, in operation, generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to a first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value. In the CCALF process, in response to a coordinate of the second reconstructed image sample being (x, y), coordinates of the first reconstructed image samples are (2x, 2y?1), (2x?1, 2y), (2x, 2y), (2x+1, 2y), (2x?1, 2y+1), (2x, 2y+1), (2x+1, 2y+1), and (2x, 2y+2).

Abstract: A method includes causing a computer of a communication terminal to perform a process including acquiring, in response to receipt of a beacon signal transmitted from a vending machine, identification information and type information of a plurality of drinks from the vending machine by using short-range wireless communication; acquiring preference information on drinks of a user of the communication terminal; generating, based on the identification information, the type information, and the preference information, a push notification screen that recommends at least one drink that matches a preference of the user indicated by the preference information from among the plurality of drinks stored in the vending machine indicated by the identification information; and displaying the push notification screen on a display of the communication terminal.

Abstract: An encoder includes circuitry and memory coupled to the circuitry. The circuitry, in response to a first reconstructed image sample being located outside a virtual boundary, duplicates a reconstructed sample located inside and adjacent to the virtual boundary to generate the first reconstructed image sample. The circuitry generates a first coefficient value by applying a CCALF (cross component adaptive loop filtering) process to the first reconstructed image sample of a luma component. The circuitry generates a second coefficient value by applying an ALF (adaptive loop filtering) process to a second reconstructed image sample of a chroma component. The circuitry generates a third coefficient value by adding the first coefficient value to the second coefficient value, and encodes a third reconstructed image sample of the chroma component using the third coefficient value.

Abstract: An encoder includes memory and circuitry coupled to the memory. The circuitry, for each of temporal sub-layers for temporal scalability different from spatial scalability, stores first parameters into buffering period supplemental enhancement information (SEI) and encodes the first parameters. The first parameters present initial delays in timing to extract data from a coded picture buffer (CPB). The circuitry stores a second parameter into the buffering period SEI and encodes the second parameter. The second parameter indicates a total number of the temporal sub-layers. A value of the second parameter is equal to a value of a third parameter that is encoded into a sequence parameter set and indicates a total number of the temporal sub-layers.