Abstract: A method of baking a chamber of a gas laser apparatus provided with a cooling passage configured to make a cooling medium that cools the chamber flow on an outer side of a wall surface in contact with an internal space of the chamber for generating light in the internal space includes a heating step of heating the internal space via the wall surface by making a heating medium flow through the cooling passage before generating the light in the internal space, and an exhaust step of exhausting a gas in the heated internal space to an external space of the chamber.

Abstract: A chamber device includes an inner housing including a passage port through which light generated by excitation of laser gas at an internal space thereof passes, an outer housing surrounding at least a part of the inner housing from a lateral side of a travel direction of the light, and a partition wall arranged between the inner housing and the outer housing and fixed to the inner housing and the outer housing.

Abstract: A beam delivery system according to an aspect of the present disclosure is used for an extreme ultraviolet light generation apparatus and includes a propagation mirror disposed on an optical path between a laser apparatus and a condensation optical system and configured to change the propagation direction of a pulse laser beam, and a curvature mirror disposed on an optical path between the propagation mirror and the condensation optical system and having a concave reflective surface configured to convert the pulse laser beam to be incident on the condensation optical system into a convergent beam. The curvature mirror has a focal length selected so that the beam spread angle of the pulse laser beam from the curvature mirror is constant irrespective of thermal deformation of the propagation mirror or constant with change in a predetermined allowable range irrespective of thermal deformation of the propagation mirror.

Abstract: A beam delivery system according to an aspect of the present disclosure is used for an extreme ultraviolet light generation apparatus and includes a propagation mirror disposed on an optical path between a laser apparatus and a condensation optical system and configured to change the propagation direction of a pulse laser beam, and a curvature mirror disposed on an optical path between the propagation mirror and the condensation optical system and having a concave reflective surface configured to convert the pulse laser beam to be incident on the condensation optical system into a convergent beam. The curvature mirror has a focal length selected so that the beam spread angle of the pulse laser beam from the curvature mirror is constant irrespective of thermal deformation of the propagation mirror or constant with change in a predetermined allowable range irrespective of thermal deformation of the propagation mirror.

Abstract: A lens barrel and a projector of the invention are provided with a fixed cylinder, and a cam ring mounted on the fixed cylinder. A first projection and a second projection are provided on one of the fixed cylinder and the cam ring, and a first rotation restricting portion and a second rotation restricting portion are provided on the other of the fixed cylinder and the cam ring. The first rotation restricting portion restricts rotation of the cam ring by abutting contact with the first projection when the cam ring is rotated in a first direction, and the second rotation restricting portion restricts rotation of the cam ring by abutting contact with the second projection when the cam ring is rotated in a second direction opposite to the first direction.

Abstract: A lens barrel and a projector of the invention are provided with a fixed cylinder, and a cam ring mounted on the fixed cylinder. A first projection and a second projection are provided on one of the fixed cylinder and the cam ring, and a first rotation restricting portion and a second rotation restricting portion are provided on the other of the fixed cylinder and the cam ring. The first rotation restricting portion restricts rotation of the cam ring by abutting contact with the first projection when the cam ring is rotated in a first direction, and the second rotation restricting portion restricts rotation of the cam ring by abutting contact with the second projection when the cam ring is rotated in a second direction opposite to the first direction.

Abstract: A system for correctly evaluating a price distribution and a risk distribution for a financial product or its derivatives introduces a probability density function generated with a Boltzmann model at a higher accuracy than the Gaussian distribution for a probability density. The system has an initial value setup unit and an evaluation condition setup unit. Initial values include at least one of price, price change rate, and the price change direction of a financial product. The evaluation conditions include at least time steps and the number of trials. The Boltzmann model analysis unit receives the initial values and the evaluation conditions, and repeats simulations of price fluctuation, based on the Boltzmann model using a Monte Carlo method. A velocity/direction distribution setup unit supplies the probability distributions of the price, price change rate, and the price change direction for the financial product to the Boltzmann model analysis unit.

Abstract: A system for correctly evaluating price distribution and risk distribution for a financial product or its derivatives introduces a probability density function generated with a Boltzmann model at a higher accuracy than the Gaussian distribution for a probability density. The system has an initial value setup unit and an evaluation condition setup unit. Initial values include at least one of price, price change rate, and price change direction of a financial product. The evaluation conditions include at least time steps and a number of trials. A Boltzmann model analysis unit receives the initial values and the evaluation conditions, and repeats simulations of price fluctuation, based on the Boltzmann model using a Monte Carlo method. A velocity/direction distribution setup unit supplies probability distributions of the price, price change rate, and price change direction for the financial product to the Boltzmann model analysis unit.

Abstract: A system for correctly evaluating a price distribution and a risk distribution for a financial product or its derivatives introduces a probability density function generated with a Boltzmann model at a higher accuracy than the Gaussian distribution for a probability density. The system has an initial value setup unit and an evaluation condition setup unit. Initial values include at least one of price, price change rate, and the price change direction of a financial product. The evaluation conditions include at least time steps and the number of trials. The Boltzmann model analysis unit receives the initial values and the evaluation conditions, and repeats simulations of price fluctuation, based on the Boltzmann model using a Monte Carlo method. A velocity/direction distribution setup unit supplies the probability distributions of the price, price change rate, and the price change direction for the financial product to the Boltzmann model analysis unit.

Abstract: A power trading risk management system includes means for evaluating and inputting a predicted value of an electricity demand, an electricity price in a spot market, a cost function of a power generator to be used, a fuel price, a fixed cost and the like, means for modeling a random fluctuation of a future electricity price by use of a fluctuation of a past electricity price, means for calculating a profit accrued from electricity sale and the like, means for evaluating a risk accrued from a random fluctuation of the electricity price, means for producing an appropriate electricity portfolio, means for reevaluating a value of the portfolio on a daily basis, means for reorganizing the portfolio for risk reduction, and means for deciding a price of a financial derivative instrument for risk hedging. The system measures a market risk associated with a power trading, and produces the portfolio for maximizing a profit while maintaining the risk within a tolerance.

Abstract: For a comprehensive risk evaluation of the electricity price fluctuations, respective relationships between power supplies or power demands and electricity prices are derived from data of historical power supply or power demand and data of historical electricity price for respective power exchanges, respective probability distributions of electricity price fluctuations relating to uncertain fluctuations of the power supply or the power demand are computed by using the respective relationships in a given period for evaluation of a market risk, the market risk of electricity price is measured by using the respective probability distributions of electricity price fluctuations, a probability distribution for randomly fluctuating components is derived by Monte Carlo simulation, and a market risk to the electricity price fluctuations is evaluated.