Abstract: The invention provides a chemical-mechanical polishing composition comprising: (a) an abrasive particle; (b) an ionic oxidizer; and (c) water, wherein the chemical-mechanical polishing composition has a pH of about 1 to about 7, the abrasive particle has an isoelectric point that is higher than 8, and the ionic oxidizer has a negative charge at the pH of the chemical-mechanical polishing composition. The invention also provides a method of chemically-mechanically polishing a substrate, especially a substrate comprising a silicon carbide layer on a surface of the substrate, using said composition.

Abstract: A brake override system (BOS) (1) prioritizes braking when both an accelerator and a brake are operated simultaneously by reducing the required accelerator operation amount value that is used to control drive force so that it is lower than the actual accelerator operation amount. The BOS (1) thus achieves a balance between hill-start performance after operation by the BOS (1) is cancelled and stopping performance during operation of the BOS (1) by increasing the required accelerator operation amount value at the time at which the return of the required accelerator operation amount value to the actual accelerator operation amount is initiated when the simultaneous operation of the accelerator and the brake ends.

Abstract: An electronic control unit performs a reduction control for reducing vehicle drive force when the accelerator and the brake are operated simultaneously. The electronic control unit also varies the amount of decrease in the vehicle drive force during the reduction control and conditions under which the reduction control is implemented depending on the order of the accelerator operation and brake operation resulting in the above-noted simultaneous operation. For example, the amount of decrease in the vehicle drive force is less when the brake is operated first in comparison with when the accelerator is operated first. Thus, it is possible to operate the vehicle drive force in accordance with the intention of the driver.

Abstract: An electronic control unit (1) stops output suppression control for an engine (6) at the time of simultaneous depression of an accelerator pedal (2) and a brake pedal (4) when the depression of the brake pedal (4) is erroneously detected due to an ON-failure of a stop lamp switch (5) even if the brake pedal is not depressed.

Abstract: When simultaneous depression of an accelerator pedal (2) and a brake pedal (4) is detected, an electronic control unit (1) inhibits a downshift of an automatic transmission (11) and performs output suppression control for an engine (6), thereby making it possible to suppress the increase of vehicle drive force caused by the downshift and maintain a constant vehicle deceleration rate by an easier operation.

Abstract: A vehicle control device, that controls to suppress a driving force of a vehicle based on an operation of a brake pedal operated when a braking force is generated by a braking device, wherein the brake pedal is connected to a brake booster, that increases an operating force input to the brake pedal by using a brake negative pressure to transmit to brake fluid of the braking device in order to appropriately control by appropriately detecting the operation of the brake pedal; and the driving force is suppressed according to an M/C pressure when the brake negative pressure is higher than a brake negative pressure threshold value, and the driving force is suppressed according to an operation state of the brake pedal when the brake negative pressure is equal to or lower than the brake negative pressure threshold value.

Abstract: A brake override system (BOS) (1) prioritizes braking when both an accelerator and a brake are operated simultaneously by reducing the required accelerator operation amount value that is used to control drive force so that it is lower than the actual accelerator operation amount. The BOS (1) thus achieves a balance between hill-start performance after operation by the BOS (1) is cancelled and stopping performance during operation of the BOS (1) by increasing the required accelerator operation amount value at the time at which the return of the required accelerator operation amount value to the actual accelerator operation amount is initiated when the simultaneous operation of the accelerator and the brake ends.

Abstract: An electronic control unit performs a reduction control for reducing vehicle drive force when the accelerator and the brake are operated simultaneously. The electronic control unit also varies the amount of decrease in the vehicle drive force during the reduction control and conditions under which the reduction control is implemented depending on the order of the accelerator operation and brake operation resulting in the above-noted simultaneous operation. For example, the amount of decrease in the vehicle drive force is less when the brake is operated first in comparison with when the accelerator is operated first. Thus, it is possible to operate the vehicle drive force in accordance with the intention of the driver.

Abstract: When simultaneous depression of an accelerator pedal (2) and a brake pedal (4) is detected, an electronic control unit (1) inhibits a downshift of an automatic transmission (11) and performs output suppression control for an engine (6), thereby making it possible to suppress the increase of vehicle drive force caused by the downshift and maintain a constant vehicle deceleration rate by an easier operation.

Abstract: An electronic control unit (1) stops output suppression control for an engine (6) at the time of simultaneous depression of an accelerator pedal (2) and a brake pedal (4) when the depression of the brake pedal (4) is erroneously detected due to an ON-failure of a stop lamp switch (5) even if the brake pedal is not depressed.

Abstract: A vehicle control device, that controls to suppress a driving force of a vehicle based on an operation of a brake pedal operated when a braking force is generated by a braking device, wherein the brake pedal is connected to a brake booster, that increases an operating force input to the brake pedal by using a brake negative pressure to transmit to brake fluid of the braking device in order to appropriately control by appropriately detecting the operation of the brake pedal; and the driving force is suppressed according to an M/C pressure when the brake negative pressure is higher than a brake negative pressure threshold value, and the driving force is suppressed according to an operation state of the brake pedal when the brake negative pressure is equal to or lower than the brake negative pressure threshold value.

Abstract: A tread rubber is made of a rubber composition containing 100 pbw of a diene rubber, 30 to 100 pbw of a reinforcing filler including at least 10 pbw of silica, and 1 to 20 pbw of microcapsules each encapsulating a heat-expandable substance. A sulfur-containing silane coupling agent is mixed in the rubber composition in an amount of 3 to 15 wt. % based on the weight of the silica. A shell material of each microcapsule is made of a thermoplastic resin which essentially contains a nitrile monomer. A vapor pressure of the heat-expandable substance is 1.4 to 3.0 MPa at 150° C. An average diameter of the microcapsules is 20 to 30 ?m before vulcanization of the rubber composition. An average diameter of the microcapsules expanded due to the vulcanization is 40 to 80 ?m. The tread rubber has a proportion of a cell-occupying area of 5 to 30%.

Abstract: A rubber composition for a tire containing (i) 100 parts by weight of a diene-based rubber and (ii) 0.5 to 25 parts by weight of a heat-expandable microcapsule including a shell, and a substance capable of vaporizing or expanding under heating to thereby generate a gas and a nonpolar oil, both encapsulated in the shell, wherein the shell is made of a thermoplastic resin obtained by polymerization of a nitrile-based monomer (I), a monomer (II) having an unsaturated double bond and a carboxyl group in the molecule thereof, an optional monomer (III) having two or more polymerizable double bonds, and an optional copolymerizable monomer (IV) for adjusting the expansion properties.

Abstract: Provided is a pneumatic tire whose frictional force on ice is improved by satisfactorily forming resin-encapsulated cells from heat-expandable microcapsules, even when a tread rubber contains silica. The tire is characterized in that: the tread rubber is made of a rubber composition containing 100 parts by weight of a diene rubber, 30 to 100 parts by weight of a reinforcing filler including at least 10 parts by weight of silica, and 1 to 20 parts by weight of microcapsules each encapsulating a heat-expandable substance; a sulfur-containing silane coupling agent is mixed in the rubber composition in an amount of 3 to 15 wt. % based on the weight of the silica; a shell material of each microcapsule is made of a thermoplastic resin which essentially contains a nitrile monomer (I); a vapor pressure of the heat-expandable substance is set at 1.4 to 3.0 MPa at 150° C.

Abstract: A rubber composition for a tire containing (i) 100 parts by weight of a diene-based rubber and (ii) 0.5 to 25 parts by weight of a heat-expandable microcapsule including a shell, and a substance capable of vaporizing or expanding under heating to thereby generate a gas and a nonpolar oil, both encapsulated in the shell, wherein the shell is made of a thermoplastic resin obtained by polymerization of a nitrile-based monomer (I), a monomer (II) having an unsaturated double bond and a carboxyl group in the molecule thereof, an optional monomer (III) having two or more polymerizable double bonds, and an optional copolymerizable monomer (IV) for adjusting the expansion properties.

Abstract: The throttle valve control device of this invention controls a throttle based on outputs of a position sensor including a first sensor and a second sensor which detect a position of a same object, wherein the output of the first sensor and the output of the second sensor change opposite to each other depending on a change in the position of the object, and the throttle valve control device determines the position sensor abnormal when a variation in the output of the first sensor is equal to or greater than a first threshold value and a variation in the output of the second sensor is equal to or greater than a second threshold value.

Abstract: A linear position sensor has first and second output signal generators each of which outputs an output signal in accordance with the position of a detection object. As the detection object moves from an initial position, the output signal of the first output signal generator linearly increases from an output value corresponding to the initial position of the detection object. The output signal of the second output signal generator linearly increases from an output value that is greater than the output value corresponding to the initial position of the detection object. After reaching a maximum value, the output signal of the second output signal generator remains at the maximum value when the detection object further moves to a maximum displacement position.

Abstract: The throttle control device of this invention for controlling a throttle based on outputs of a position sensor including a first sensor and a second sensor which detect a position of a same object includes: a judgment section for judging whether or not the position sensor is abnormal by comparing a difference between the output of the first sensor and the output of the second sensor with a predetermined threshold value; and a change section for changing the predetermined threshold value depending on at least one of the output of the first sensor and the output of the second sensor.

Abstract: A throttle valve controller achieves high output response to the smaller deviation of the actual opening from the demand opening of the throttle valve and achieves high control stability against the larger deviation. It has a preset data table containing proportional gain values and integral gain values of PID control in correspondence to deviation values in inversely proportional arrangement. During the transitional state of control system, a pair of provisional gain values are read out of the table in response to the deviation value: (step S3), these gain values are compared with those of the previous operation cycle and the smaller gain value pair are selected: (steps S4-S7), and the valve drive signal is calculated from the selected gain values:(steps S8, S11). Consequently, the controller achieves high output response to the smaller deviation due to the larger gain value and high control stability without the overshooting of valve movement against the larger deviation due to the smaller gain value.

Abstract: The throttle control device of this invention controls a throttle based on outputs of a position sensor including a first sensor and a second sensor which detect a position of a same object, wherein, when an abnormality is detected in one of the first sensor and the second sensor, throttle control is continued based on the output of the other sensor in which no abnormality is detected, and the throttle control is discontinued when the detection of the abnormality in one of the first sensor and the second sensor continues for a first predetermined time, and when an abnormality is detected in both the first sensor and the second sensor, throttle control is continued based on the output of one of the first sensor and the second sensor, and the throttle control is discontinued when the detection of the abnormality in both the first sensor and the second sensor continues for a second predetermined time which is shorter than the first predetermined time.