Abstract: A vibrator is formed on a silicon substrate to become a base by the silicon-processing procedure and a thin film of a piezoelectric material is formed on the substrate by a method matching with the silicon-processing procedure. When an ac field of a frequency near the resonance frequency of the transverse vibration of the vibrator is applied to the thin film of the piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric reverse effect excites characteristic vibration in the vibrator. If a rotational motion is generated along the axis of the beam in that state, the Coriolis' force is generated in a direction perpendicular to both the axial direction and the vibration direction of the beam. This force deforms the beam in that direction. Detecting inductive charges produced in another piezoelectric thin film fixed on the vibrator because of the piezoelectric normal effect due to the deformation, the rotational, angular velocity can be obtained.

Abstract: A vibrator is formed on a silicon substrate to become a base by the silicon-processing procedure and a thin film of a piezoelectric material is formed on the substrate by a method matching with the silicon-processing procedure. When an ac field of a frequency near the resonance frequency of the transverse vibration of the vibrator is applied to the thin film of the piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric reverse effect excites characteristic vibration in the vibrator. If a rotational motion is generated along the axis of the beam in that state, the Coriolis' force is generated in a direction perpendicular to both the axial direction and the vibration direction of the beam. This force deforms the beam in that direction. Detecting inductive charges produced in another piezoelectric thin film fixed on the vibrator because of the piezoelectric normal effect due to the deformation, the rotational, angular velocity can be obtained.

Abstract: When a power switch is turned on, first and second analog switches are turned on while a third analog switch is turned off. Accordingly, at the time of starting, a forced excitation driving circuit supplies to a vibrator an oscillation output pulse which is substantially at the resonance frequency of the vibrator, thereby forcibly driving the vibrator in an excitation manner. Thereafter, when the vibrator substantially attains its stationary state and thereby the charged voltage of a capacitor reaches a threshold value of an inverter, the first and second analog switches are turned off while the third analog switch is turned on. Accordingly, the output of a self-excitation circuit is supplied to the electrode of the vibrator so as to vibrate the vibrator in a self-excitation manner.

Abstract: A piezoelectric angular velocity meter includes a piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element includes a first piezoelectric element and a second piezoelectric element bonded to the first piezoelectric element. The second piezoelectric element includes a second member made of a piezoelectric crystal, and upper- and lower-surface electrodes sandwiching the second member. The first piezoelectric element is fixed to the upper-surface electrode of said second piezoelectric element with an adhesive. The first piezoelectric element includes a first member made of a piezoelectric crystal, upper-surface electrodes, and a lower-surface electrode. The upper- and lower-surface electrodes sandwich the first member of the first piezoelectric element. The piezoelectric element is supported by two support portions.

Abstract: A probe formed in a flexible portion of a cantilever is protected by a protection frame. This protection frame is separated from a support portion at a border of a groove between the protection frame and the support portion. A piezoelectric crystal layer is formed in the flexible portion, and when the flexible portion is bent by an interatomic force acting between the probe and a sample, a voltage induced between the both ends of the piezoelectric crystal layer changes.

Abstract: Without necessitating complicated operations, an image of a low to medium magnification and an image of a high magnification are efficiently observed by an optical microscope and by an atomic force microscope, respectively. In the atomic force microscope, an atomic force microscope probe, whose size has been reduced since a device for detecting interatomic force is provided by a piezoelectric film, piezoresistance, or the like, is disposed between an objective lens of the optical microscope and a sample to be observed or at a position of the objective lens when the objective lens and the probe are constructed so as to be interchangeable, thereby enabling the optical microscope to confirm a scanning position of the atomic force microscope.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope according to present invention comprises a cantilever for interaction with a surface, the cantilever having a self vibrator therein for vibrating the cantilever, the cantilever having a self strain detector therein. The self vibrator and self strain detector comprise a piezoelectric layer and electrodes, and the piezoelectric layer is disposed between these electrodes.

Abstract: A method for producing a lead niobate-based complex oxide with an elevated proportion of pervoskite phase and lead niobate-based complex oxide produced by such method enables manufacture of small actuator or capacitor with an elevated dielectric constant k. Treatment of a raw material represented by a general formula Pb(A.sub.1/3 Nb.sub.#)x(ZN.sub.1/3 Nb.sub.2/3) yO.sub.3 or Pb(Fe.sub.1/2 Nb.sub.1/2)x(Zn.sub.1/3 Nb.sub.2/3) yO.sub.3 (wherein A is Mg or Ni; x is an atomic ratio in a range of 0-1; and y is an atomic ratio in a range of 1-0, with a relation x+y=1) and containing pyrochlore phase, under a high temperature of 500.degree.-1300.degree. C. and a high pressure of 1000-4000 kg/cm.sup.2, causes transition of pyrochlore phase into perovskite phase, thereby increasing the proportion of perovskite phase. Also treatment of a raw material represented by a general formula uPb(.sub.1/3 Nb.sub.2/3)O.sub.3 -vPbTiO.sub.3 (wherein u is an atomic ratio in a range of 0.5-1; and v is an atomic ratio in a range of 0.

Abstract: This invention provides a novel apatite composite ceramic useful for implants such as artificial dental root, artificial bone or the like. The apatite composite ceramic comprises an interconnected structure of fluorapatite phase and an at least partially crystallized biologically active glass phase, which ceramic is obtained by reaction-sintering at a sintering temperature of 700.degree.-1100.degree. C. at a pressure of at least atmospheric pressure a powder mixture of a synthetic hydroxyapatite (A) and a biologically active glass (B) containing fluoride ions and having a crystallization temperature below the sintering temperature in a weight ratio of A/B ranging from 60/40 to 30/70. The reaction-sintered material has excellent biological affinity and high mechanical strength.

Abstract: A dental implant and a method of making same are disclosed. The dental implant comprises a biocompatible metal core and a multi-layer bioglass coating applied on the core. The outer layer of the multi-layer coating is formed of a bioglass whose chemical composition is selected from within the range of composition particularly defined by the present invention and which has substantially the same thermal expansion coefficient as the core. The inner layer is formed of a bioglass whose chemical composition is substantially the same as the glass of the outer layer with the exception that the content of TiO.sub.2 is increased within a particularly determined range.

Abstract: A biologically active glass and class-ceramic composition useful for making surgical and dental implants comprising, by mol %,:______________________________________ SiO.sub.2 35.about.60 B.sub.2 O.sub.3 5.about.15 Na.sub.2 O 10.about. 30 CaO 5.about. 40 TiO.sub.2 0.5.about. 10 P.sub.2 O.sub.5 0.about. 15 K.sub.2 O 0.about. 20 Li.sub.2 O 0.about. 10 MgO 0.about. 5 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 + ZrO.sub.2 + Nb.sub.2 O.sub.5 0.about. 8 La.sub.2 O.sub.3 + Ta.sub.2 O.sub.5 + Y.sub.2 O.sub.3 0.about.8 and F.sub.2 0.about.15.

Abstract: Dental implant is composed of a core and a coating layer of a biologically active glass or glass-ceramic material covering at least a part of the core to be embedded in the jawbone. The glass or glass-ceramic layer comprises at least two separated portions spaced from each other.

Abstract: A dental implant is disclosed which comprises a dental root part to be embedded in a jaw bone alone or in combination with a dental crown part or a dental crown support part. At least a major portion of the surface of the dental root part to be in contact with the jaw bone is formed of a biologically active material. The contour of the surface of the dental root part is rotationally symmetrical with its diameter being constant or decreased monotonously from its one end, that is, the collum dentis portion to the other end, that is, the root end portion. The root end portion is smoothly closed.