Abstract: A loudspeaker has a first diaphragm having a domed shape, a second diaphragm formed on a periphery of the first diaphragm, and a voice coil provided at a juncture of the first and second diaphragms. The second diaphragm is designed such that a dip frequency by shape effect thereof is positioned at a frequency higher than a high limit frequency of the first diaphragm.

Abstract: In a digital copier of the type writing image data read by a scanner in a memory and transferring them from the memory to a printer, a memory change flag indicative of whether or not to calculate the occupancy of the memory is checked. If the flag is set, the occupancy of the memory is calculated and sent to a system controller. One or more reference amounts, which are easy for the user to grasp (e.g. amount corresponding to a single paper of A4 size), can be entered on an operation and display panel. The occupancy of the memory is displayed on the operation and display panel on the basis of each of the reference amounts. The memory change flag is set when image data have been fully written to the memory and when the discharge of a recording medium carrying an image thereon from the copier has been detected (end of read-out). The copier prevents the image data stored in the memory from being destroyed.

Abstract: A torque sensor provides a specific property for a shaft member so as to improve sensitivity and so as to minimize hysteresis in measurement of the torque exerted thereon. The shaft member is provided specific composition achieving the desired level of sensitivity without increasing the hysteresis. In the alternative, the shaft member is processed in order to provide the desired property.

Abstract: A torque detecting device has a measuring shaft, an excitation device and a detector for detecting a magnetostriction passing through said measuring shaft. The device is able to measure the torque with accuracy even if a temperature gradient is produced in the axial direction of the measuring shaft by making the measuring shaft from a material having specified electromagnetic characteristics at least in a part in which said magnetostrictive force is detected.

Abstract: A magnetostriction type torque sensor employs a plurality of detector coils arranged in axial arrangement along an objective rotary body. The detector coils are so designed and arranged as to compensate influence of temperature, particularly the error caused due to axial temperature gradient caused in the objective rotary body.

Abstract: A torque detecting device has a measuring shaft and a magnetic circuit incorporating the measuring shaft into a magnetic path which includes a device for detecting a magnet-ostrictive force passing through said measuring shaft. The device is able to increase the output sensitivity, decrease the rotative fluctuation of output and decrease the hysteresis by making the measuring shaft forming the magnetic path from an iron base alloy having a specific composition.