Abstract: An image forming operation forms an image on a transfer target in a state in which a developing member is located at a first position where a developer is supplied to an image bearing member and a first charging voltage is applied to a charging unit. The image forming operation is followed by: a first rotating operation of rotating the image bearing member in a state in which the developing member is located at the first position and a second charging voltage smaller in absolute value than the first charging voltage is applied; and a second rotating operation of rotating the image bearing member in a state in which the developing member is located at a second position where the developer is not supplied to the image bearing member and a third charging voltage smaller in absolute value than the second charging voltage is applied.

Abstract: The invention provides a chocolate having strong aroma characteristics. The aroma characteristics may include at least one of a fruity aroma and a floral aroma, and isoamyl acetate may be contained as an aroma component. The invention also provides a novel method for producing a chocolate having strong aroma characteristics. The method includes a step of crushing at least a cacao raw material and a sugar raw material in a sealed crusher.

Abstract: A large current electron beam is stably emitted from an electron gun of a charged particle beam device. The electron gun of the charged particle beam device includes: a SE tip 202; a suppressor 303 disposed rearward of a distal end of the SE tip; a cup-shaped extraction electrode 204 including a bottom surface and a cylindrical portion and enclosing the SE tip and the suppressor; and an insulator 208 holding the suppressor and the extraction electrode. A shield electrode 301 of a conductive metal having a cylindrical portion 302 is provided between the suppressor and the cylindrical portion of the extraction electrode. A voltage lower than a voltage of the SE tip is applied to the shield electrode.

Abstract: A composition includes: a compound including an aromatic ring; and a first polymer including a first structural unit represented by formula (1) and a second structural unit represented by formula (2). A content of the first polymer with respect to 100 parts by mass of the compound is no less than 0.1 parts by mass and no greater than 200 parts by mass. R1 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group; and R2 represents a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group. R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent hydrocarbon group; L represents a single bond or a divalent linking group; Ar represents a group obtained by removing (n+1) hydrogen atoms from a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic ring; R4 represents a hydroxy group or a monovalent hydroxyalkyl group; and n is an integer of 1 to 8.

Abstract: The invention provides a chocolate having strong aroma characteristics. The aroma characteristics may include at least one of a fruity aroma and a floral aroma, and isoamyl acetate may be contained as an aroma component. The invention also provides a novel method for producing a chocolate having strong aroma characteristics. The method includes a step of crushing at least a cacao raw material and a sugar raw material in a sealed crusher.

Abstract: A system may obtain orthogonal pairs of acoustic waveforms obtained by a rotating downhole acoustic tool. The downhole tool may include an acoustic transmitter and an acoustic receiver. A computing device communicatively coupled to the downhole tool that instructs the transmitter to generate the various waveforms detected by the acoustic receiver and store the various waveforms in a buffer. Each waveform of a subset of the various waveforms oriented in a similar direction may be stacked to generate a composite waveform with reduced noise. The computing system may determine an orthogonal pair of waveforms based on the composite waveform and remaining waveforms.

Abstract: There is provided a tape recording apparatus system capable of improving writing performance and maintaining tape recording density, for a multiple data writing request accompanied by a lot of synchronization requests from a host. The system is a tape storage system including two or more tape drives each of which has a tape mounted thereon and is provided with a buffer divided in fixed-length segments, and connected to a host that sends multiple data and a synchronization request at a predetermined timing to these tape drives.

Abstract: A composition enables particles to be removed from a surface of a substrate by: applying the composition on the surface of the substrate to form a substrate treatment film on the surface; and bringing a liquid into contact with the substrate treatment film to remove the substrate treatment film from the surface. The composition includes a resin; and a solvent. The solvent includes a first solvent component having a normal boiling point of no less than 175° C. A content of the first solvent component with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin is no less than 1 part by mass.

Abstract: A computer program product for implementing write procedures using an estimated best setting in a first run, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions executable by a tape drive to cause the tape drive to perform a method comprising: receiving, at the tape drive, a request for a write operation to be performed in the tape drive; determining, by the tape drive, a capacity margin ratio of the tape drive; determining an optimum a write procedure based at least in part on the capacity margin ratio; and invoking the optimum write procedure in response to determining the optimum write procedure. The optimum write procedure is selected from the group consisting of: a backhitch write procedure, a same wrap backhitchless flush (SWBF) write procedure, and a recursively accumulating backhitchless flush (RABF) write procedure.

Abstract: A system may obtain orthogonal pairs of acoustic waveforms obtained by a rotating downhole acoustic tool. The downhole tool may include an acoustic transmitter and an acoustic receiver. A computing device communicatively coupled to the downhole tool that instructs the transmitter to generate the various waveforms detected by the acoustic receiver and store the various waveforms in a buffer. Each waveform of a subset of the various waveforms oriented in a similar direction may be stacked to generate a composite waveform with reduced noise. The computing system may determine an orthogonal pair of waveforms based on the composite waveform and remaining waveforms.

Abstract: A method for detecting at a migration destination medium a change in data during media migration between write once read many (WORM) media according to one embodiment includes writing data for WORM from a migration source medium to the migration destination medium; holding an identifier (ID) of the source medium in a non-user storage area in the destination medium; and holding information indicating a feature of the data in the non-user storage area.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes writing a file into a data partition of a tape medium. The method also includes storing a high resolution tape directory (HRTD) having location information of data in the data partition as part of end of data (EOD) of the index partition. The storing the HRTD as part of the EOD of the index partition includes requesting movement of the tape medium to the index partition in order to update an index file after changes have occurred to data in the data partition, and writing an updated index file into the index partition concurrent to writing an updated HRTD into the EOD of the index partition.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a system includes a processor configured to execute logic, the logic being configured to read a plurality of data sets, each data set including a plurality of portions which combine together to wholly form the data set, and reread at least a first uncorrected data set using a different setting in an error recovery procedure (ERP) when an error in the first uncorrected data set is not correctable using C2-ECC or an error in any portion of the first uncorrected data set is not correctable using C1-ECC. Other systems and methods for reading data from tape using a reconstructive ERP to reduce backhitches are presented according to more embodiments.

Abstract: A method of reducing power consumption of a buffer for cache in a tape drive connected to a host in a communicable manner, according to one embodiment, includes detecting a transfer rate of data from the host or to the host, and determining a writing or reading rate of data to or from a tape based on the data transfer rate. A determination is made as to whether predetermined conditions including the data transfer rate, the data writing or reading rate, and a capacity of a buffer are satisfied, where the buffer includes at least two buffer areas. At least one of the buffer areas is selected when the predetermined conditions are satisfied. The selected buffer area is switched to a power saving mode.

Abstract: In one general embodiment, a tape drive system includes: a read channel; a write channel; logic configured to receiving a request for a write operation to be performed in a tape drive; logic configured to determine an optimum a write procedure in response to receiving the request, the determining being based on expected writing times of each of a plurality of write procedures and an expected transaction size of a next write operation; and logic configured to invoke the determined optimum write procedure in response to determining the optimum write procedure.

Abstract: A computer program product includes a computer readable storage medium having program instructions executable by a tape drive to cause the tape drive to perform a method comprising: receiving, at the tape drive, a request for a write operation to be performed in the tape drive; determining, by the tape drive, an expected transaction size of a next write operation; comparing, by the tape drive, the expected transaction size of the next write operation to each of a first transaction size threshold and a second transaction size threshold in response to receiving the request; determining, by the tape drive, an optimum a write procedure based at least in part on the comparison; and invoking, by the tape drive, the optimum write procedure in response to determining the optimum write procedure.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes writing a file into a data partition of a tape medium. The method also includes storing a high resolution tape directory (HRTD) having location information of data in the data partition as part of end of data (EOD) of the index partition. The storing the HRTD as part of the EOD of the index partition includes requesting movement of the tape medium to the index partition in order to update an index file after changes have occurred to data in the data partition, and writing an updated index file into the index partition concurrent to writing an updated HRTD into the EOD of the index partition.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a method includes writing a file into a data partition of a tape medium, writing a pointer of the written file in an index partition and creating a high resolution tape directory (HRTD) including detailed location information of data in a data partition. The method also includes storing the HRTD as part of end of data (EOD) of the index partition in response to a tape cartridge housing the tape medium being unloaded. The storing the HRTD as part of the EOD of the index partition includes requesting movement of the tape medium to the index partition in order to update an index file after changes have occurred to data in the data partition, writing an updated index file into the index partition concurrent to writing an updated HRTD into the EOD of the index partition, and requesting for the tape cartridge to be unloaded.

Abstract: A computer program product for implementing write procedures using an estimated best setting in a first run, the computer program product comprising a computer readable storage medium having program instructions executable by a tape drive to cause the tape drive to perform a method comprising: receiving, at the tape drive, a request for a write operation to be performed in the tape drive; determining, by the tape drive, a capacity margin ratio of the tape drive; determining an optimum a write procedure based at least in part on the capacity margin ratio; and invoking the optimum write procedure in response to determining the optimum write procedure. The optimum write procedure is selected from the group consisting of: a backhitch write procedure, a same wrap backhitchless flush (SWBF) write procedure, and a recursively accumulating backhitchless flush (RABF) write procedure.

Abstract: A computer program product includes a computer readable storage medium having program instructions executable by a tape drive to cause the tape drive to perform a method comprising: receiving, at the tape drive, a request for a write operation to be performed in the tape drive; determining, by the tape drive, an expected transaction size of a next write operation; comparing, by the tape drive, the expected transaction size of the next write operation to each of a first transaction size threshold and a second transaction size threshold in response to receiving the request; determining, by the tape drive, an optimum a write procedure based at least in part on the comparison; and invoking, by the tape drive, the optimum write procedure in response to determining the optimum write procedure.