Abstract: A liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) display device and an electronic device are disclosed. The LCOS display device includes a wafer substrate and a pixel electrode layer over the wafer substrate. The pixel electrode layer comprises a plurality of pixel electrodes, and a reflector stack or at least a stack comprised of, stacked vertically downward, a first high refractive index insulating layer and a first low refractive index insulating layer is arranged between every adjacent two pixel electrodes. By arranging the reflector stacks or stacked layers (in the gaps) between adjacent pixel electrodes, the gaps exhibit higher reflectivity and produce less diffraction noise.

Abstract: A liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) display device and an electronic device are disclosed. The LCOS display device includes a wafer substrate and a pixel electrode layer over the wafer substrate. The pixel electrode layer comprises a plurality of pixel electrodes, and a reflector stack or at least a stack comprised of, stacked vertically downward, a first high refractive index insulating layer and a first low refractive index insulating layer is arranged between every adjacent two pixel electrodes. By arranging the reflector stacks or stacked layers (in the gaps) between adjacent pixel electrodes, the gaps exhibit higher reflectivity and produce less diffraction noise.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus is composed of a plurality of pixels, a plurality of switches and a driver circuit for driving the plurality of switches. Each of the plurality of pixels is provided with a liquid crystal element in which a liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between a pixel driving electrode and a common electrode confronting with each other, a first sampling and holding circuit, a second sampling and holding circuit and a switching device. The switching device switches a positive image signal voltage and a negative image signal voltage, and supplies the positive and negative image signal voltages alternately to the pixel driving electrode.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display apparatus is composed of a plurality of pixels, a plurality of switches and a driver circuit for driving the plurality of switches. Each of the plurality of pixels is provided with a liquid crystal element in which a liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between a pixel driving electrode and a common electrode confronting with each other, a first sampling and holding circuit, a second sampling and holding circuit and a switching device. The switching device switches a positive image signal voltage and a negative image signal voltage, and supplies the positive and negative image signal voltages alternately to the pixel driving electrode.

Abstract: The invention relates to management systems for unitarily managing and controlling information of a plurality of types of lens processing machines for manufacturing a glass lens of predetermined shape from a grass material. Its object is to construct production systems relying upon no experts, improve the reliability of quality management, make the products per worker the maximum, and make the stock in each process the minimum. To achieve this object, in a lens processing system comprising the plurality of types of processing machines for lens processing and an operation terminal connected with the processing machines through a network and capable of changing the settings of the processing machines, the operation terminal or a server unitarily manages various data every series unit and calculates the optimum settings for the processing machines every series unit.

Abstract: The invention relates to management systems for unitarily managing and controlling information of a plurality of types of lens processing machines for manufacturing a glass lens of predetermined shape from a grass material. Its object is to construct production systems relying upon no experts, improve the reliability of quality management, make the products per worker the maximum, and make the stock in each process the minimum. To achieve this object, in a lens processing system comprising the plurality of types of processing machines for lens processing and an operation terminal connected with the processing machines through a network and capable of changing the settings of the processing machines, the operation terminal or a server unitarily manages various data every series unit and calculates the optimum settings for the processing machines every series unit.

Abstract: A brittle-material machining method and apparatus achieves grinding in a ductile mode region using an ordinary grinding apparatus. Grinding or polishing of a workpiece consisting of a brittle material is performed by relative movement between the workpiece and a grinding wheel, which includes innumerable abrasive grains provided on a support base, while the grinding wheel is brought into pressured contact with the workpiece at a prescribed pressure. The grinding or polishing is carried out upon setting the prescribed pressure in such a manner that depth of cut d, into the workpiece, of abrasive grains among the innumerable number thereof that participate in the grinding or polishing is made less than a critical depth of cut d.sub.c, which is a minimum depth of cut at which brittle fracture is produced in the workpiece.

Abstract: Disclosed is a precise grinding grindstone in which the-heights of the grinding particles can be aligned even if large particles are employed. An underlying plated layer is formed on a substrate, and grinding particles are dispersed as a single layer thereon. The grinding particles are pressed toward the plated layer by a mold member and are partly pressed into the plated layer, whereby the heights of the grinding particles are aligned. Then, the particles are supported by a binding plated layer. The protrusion of the particles can be arbitrarily selected by regulating the thickness of the binding plated layer.

Abstract: In an ultrasonic inspecting apparatus, propagation time is measured between a transmitting point of an ultrasonic wave from outer circumference of a subject material and a receiving point of the ultrasonic wave at another point on the outer circumference spaced apart from the transmitting point by a predetermined angle, and a predetermined sequence of operations is performed with the measured propagation times and the known constants, thereby internal information concerning the material, including location and shape of a defect existing therein, is provided.