Abstract: A cleaning liquid for an electronic material, in particular, a silicon wafer, uses ultra-pure water or hydrogen water as raw material water, and performs cleaning in combination with ultrasonic irradiation under the presence of hydrogen micro-bubbles. The method enables efficient cleaning and removal of particle components and the like on the wafer surface and prevention of re-contamination.

Abstract: A cleaning liquid for an electronic material, in particular, a silicon wafer, uses ultra-pure water or hydrogen water as raw material water, and performs cleaning in combination with ultrasonic irradiation under the presence of hydrogen micro-bubbles. The method enables efficient cleaning and removal of particle components and the like on the wafer surface and prevention of re-contamination.

Abstract: An image printing apparatus is capable of printing an image at various resolutions, such as 300- and 360-dpi systems. To drive a printhead at a printing position corresponding to the resolution of printing data, information on whether to discharge ink separately in the forward and return passes of the printhead is stored in the storage area of a RAM in advance in correspondence with the main scanning position of the printhead. Data (0 or 1) stored in the RAM is read out by using, as a RAM address input, a count value output from a printhead position detection unit that represents the current position of the printhead. Only when the readout data is 1, a printing position pulse is generated to print an image at an arbitrary resolution. By setting ink discharge positions separately in the forward and return passes, an image can be printed at a high precision.

Abstract: A sharpness conversion part is provided in a print inspection apparatus and performs an average-masking operation to weaken a sharpness of object image data to be inspected and that of reference image data. After that, a differential value between these data is acquired. With this operation, an inspection for printing is performed by using image data of which the difference is distinguishable by human's visual property, not considering an invisible differential value which is caused by pixel displacement in subpixel order, and it is therefore possible to efficiently obtain a print inspection result with an accuracy almost as high as that by visual inspection. Thus, a print inspection apparatus can be provided, which is capable of correctly extracting difference to be detected by visual check.

Abstract: In an RIP processing apparatus, layout information of each of objects arranged in original data is obtained to generate initial attribute information. In a print inspection apparatus, the initial attribute information is transformed in accordance with an inspection object image to generate attribute information and a print inspection parameter reflecting the attribute information is set. In performing a print inspection, an area in object image data which is intended for the print inspection is specified by the attribute of image element. With this operation, even when image areas of different attributes are mixed, an optimum print inspection for each image area can be performed and it is therefore possible to efficiently obtain a significant inspection result by one operation on the whole of object image data.

Abstract: A sharpness conversion part is provided in a print inspection apparatus and performs an average-masking operation to weaken a sharpness of object image data to be inspected and that of reference image data. After that, a differential value between these data is acquired. With this operation, an inspection for printing is performed by using image data of which the difference is distinguishable by human's visual property, not considering an invisible differential value which is caused by pixel displacement in subpixel order, and it is therefore possible to efficiently obtain a print inspection result with an accuracy almost as high as that by visual inspection. Thus, a print inspection apparatus can be provided, which is capable of correctly extracting difference to be detected by visual check.

Abstract: This invention provides an image printing apparatus capable of printing an image at various resolutions such as 300- and 360-dpi systems. To drive a printhead at a printing position corresponding to the resolution of printing data, information on whether to discharge ink separately in the forward and return passes of the printhead is stored in the storage area of a RAM in advance in correspondence with the main scanning position of the printhead. Data (0 or 1) stored in the RAM is read out by using, as a RAM address input, a count value output from a printhead position detection unit that represents the current position of the printhead. Only when the readout data is 1, a printing position pulse is generated to print an image at an arbitrary resolution. By setting ink discharge positions separately in the forward and return passes, an image can be printed at a high precision.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus for performing exposure processing for a plurality of substrates in accordance with a plurality of jobs, including a first job and a second job to be performed subsequent to the first job, each of the jobs having predetermined operations and exposure parameters necessary for the exposure processing set in advance. The apparatus includes a switching device for switching from the first job to the second job during or after a period of exposure by a final shot of a final substrate of the plurality of substrates, to be exposed in accordance with the first job, and before the exposed final substrate is unloaded from a position at which the final substrate is exposed.

Abstract: An exposure apparatus exposes a substrate to a pattern on a reticle in accordance with a job transferred to the apparatus proper and by executing predetermined calibration processing. The apparatus has a function which, when a job and a reticle used in exposure of a substrate in a current lot are the same as a job and a reticle that were used in exposure of a substrate in a preceding lot, bypasses re-transfer of a job to the apparatus proper and/or the calibration processing in regard to exposure of the current lot.

Abstract: A manganeses oxide is provided which is represented by the general formula A.sub.x Mn.sub.2 O.sub.4.nH.sub.2 O, where A is Zn, Mg, Ca, or Co; and if A is Zn, 0<x<1 and n=0; if A is Mg or Ca, 0.ltoreq.x.ltoreq.1 and 0.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.20; and if A is Co 0<x.ltoreq.1 and n=0. The manganese oxide has a spinel type, a layer type, or amorphous type both crystal structures of layer type and spinel type. The manganese oxide is produced by oxidizing a mixture of a hydroxide of A (where A is Zn, Mg, Ca, or Co) and manganese hydroxide in a molar ratio 1:2 in an alkali solution, and then removing A by oxidation treatment. A lithium secondary battery is provided by use of a kind of the above manganese oxide for the positive electrode, exhibiting high output with high energy density and with satisfactory reversibility in charge-discharge cycle.

Abstract: An ITO sintered body according to the present invention has a density thereof of between 90 and 100% and a sintering particle size of between 1 and 20 .mu.m. A proportion of (In.sub.0.6 Sn.sub.0.4).sub.2 O.sub.3 in the ITO sintered body is 10% or below. Such an ITO sintered body is manufactured by mixing an indium oxide powder, whose BET surface area is between 15 and 30 m.sup.2 /g, a BET size/a crystallite size is 2 or below, and an average primary particle size is between 0.03 and 0.1 .mu.m, with tin oxide whose BET surface area is 3 m.sup.2 /g or below, and then by sintering the mixture.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image forming unit and a main body. The image forming unit is detachably mounted in a main body of the image forming apparatus and has at least a developing device for storing a predetermined developer for forming a desired image. A sensor circuit generates a detection signal upon detection of the state of the developer in the developing device. A connecting section outputs the detection signal to the main body. A transmitting section has a single portion to be connected and transmits, to the main body side, the detection signal and a signal representing a mounting state of the image forming unit, which is generated in accordance with a coupling state of the connecting section with respect to the single portion.

Abstract: Disclosed is an aqueous chromium deposition solution containing chromium in the trivalent state, from which a bright decorative chromium plate can be advantageously formed. The chromium deposition solution contains (a) a water-soluble trivalent chromium salt; (b) at least one compound selected from unsubstituted and amino- or hydroxy-substituted carboxylic acids and salts thereof; (c) a water-soluble aluminum salt, and; (d) ammonium ion.