Abstract: A flow channel switching system (1, 1?) including: a first on-off valve (10) which is disposed between a merging portion (6) and a branching portion (5) and in a raw water path (4); a second on-off valve (11) which is disposed in an outward path for raw water (7); and a sensor (13) that measures a state of water flowing through the raw water path, in which control is performed so as to open the second on-off valve and close the first on-off valve if a signal indicating that water is flowing in the raw water path is received from the sensor, then a signal indicating that no water is flowing in the raw water path is received, and then, within a predetermined time period, a signal indicating that water is flowing again in the raw water path is received.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit for improved slew rate consists of three main sections, which are the common mode rejection stage, primary gain stage and the output stage. The main circuit is a modified version of the fully differential operational amplifier circuit. The modifications done to this said circuit, enhances impedance which results in improved slew rate. In addition to the modifications in the primary gain stage, there's a cascade configuration to prevent systematic offset. The common mode rejection stage is primarily used due to the narrow common mode input range resulting from the cascade configuration. Additionally, another primary gain stage is included in the design prior to the output, since the output from the primary gain stage is narrow. This structure results in producing an improved slew rate.

Abstract: An operational amplifier has two paths, a high frequency path and a low frequency path. In addition, it has three main sections of stages. A stage converts input voltage to an amplified output voltage, a stage converting an input voltage in to an output current and a final stage where the outputs of the two previous sections are supplied as inputs. Among them, the final stage acts as a voltage follower to a signal applied to its plus (+) input and as a transimpedance amplifier for a signal applied to its minus input (?). In this configuration, a path for low frequencies and a path for high frequencies are created in a single operational amplifier.

Abstract: An amplifier circuit for improved slew rate consists of three main sections, which are the common mode rejection stage, primary gain stage and the output stage. The main circuit is a modified version of the fully differential operational amplifier circuit. The modifications done to this said circuit, enhances impedance which results in improved slew rate. In addition to the modifications in the primary gain stage, there's a cascade configuration to prevent systematic offset. The common mode rejection stage is primarily used due to the narrow common mode input range resulting from the cascade configuration. Additionally, another primary gain stage is included in the design prior to the output, since the output from the primary gain stage is narrow. This structure results in producing an improved slew rate.

Abstract: An operational amplifier has two paths, a high frequency path and a low frequency path. In addition, it has three main sections of stages. A stage converts input voltage to an amplified output voltage, a stage converting an input voltage in to an output current and a final stage where the outputs of the two previous sections are supplied as inputs. Among them, the final stage acts as a voltage follower to a signal applied to its plus (+) input and as a transimpedance amplifier for a signal applied to its minus input (?). In this configuration, a path for low frequencies and a path for high frequencies are created in a single operational amplifier.

Abstract: A cylindrical container with a bottom has an opening in which a projection is installed, the projection having a shape which will not deform solder balls when inserted into a packed layer of solder balls within the container. Its shape is such that its cross section has a streamlined or inverted conical shape, or it is cylindrical with a tip having a semi-spherical or inverted conical shape. Blackening, electrical charging, and deformation of solder balls packed in the container can be prevented during transport.