Abstract: A battery management circuit is a battery management circuit that manages an energy storage device including battery cells and capacitors, and includes: a first switching circuit that connects a first capacitor among the capacitors and a first battery cell among the battery cells in parallel; a second switching circuit that connects the first capacitor and two or more series-connected battery cells other than the first battery cell among the battery cells in parallel; and a control circuit that performs a first control of repeatedly switching between the connection by the first switching circuit and the connection by the second switching circuit.

Abstract: A battery management circuit that is provided for each of sets of battery cells connected in series in an energy storage device including the sets of the battery cells and at least one capacitor, and that includes: a positive connection terminal to be connected to a positive electrode of a corresponding one of the sets of the battery cells; a negative connection terminal to be connected to a negative electrode of the corresponding one of the sets of the battery cells; a capacitor connection terminal to be connected to a terminal of the at least one capacitor; and a control circuit that controls a connection operation of connecting the positive connection terminal or the negative connection terminal to the capacitor connection terminal, and causes the battery management circuit to perform the connection operation in synchronization with the connection operation of another battery management circuit among battery management circuits.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode, an air electrode containing a perovskite type oxide as a main component, the perovskite type oxide being represented by a general formula ABO3 and containing La and Sr at an A site, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged between the fuel electrode and the air electrode. The air electrode includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being located on a side opposite to the solid electrolyte layer, the second portion being located on the solid electrolyte layer side. A first ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the first portion through Auger electron spectroscopy is at least 1.1 times a second ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the second portion through Auger electron spectroscopy.

Abstract: This fuel includes: a first switching element disposed between a booster circuit boosting a battery power and one end of a solenoid; a second switching element disposed between a battery and one end of the solenoid; a third switching element disposed between the other end of the solenoid and a ground; a fourth switching element disposed between one end of the solenoid and a ground; and a control unit configured to control open/closed states of the first switching element, the second switching element, the third switching element, and the fourth switching element. The control unit is configured to open the fourth switching element during a valve closing detection period of detecting closing of a fuel injection valve and to detect the closing of the fuel injection valve on the basis of a change in voltage of the other end of the solenoid.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a porous support substrate and a power generation element portion. The support substrate includes at least one first gas channel and at least one second gas channel. The first gas channel extends from a first end portion toward a second end portion and is connected to a gas supply chamber. The second gas channel is connected to the first gas channel on the second end portion side. The second gas channel extends from the second end portion toward the first end portion and is connected to a gas collection chamber. A ratio (p0/L) of a pitch p0 of a first gas channel and a second gas channel that are adjacent to each other to a distance L between the power generation element portion and a first end surface of the support substrate located on the first end portion side is 3.3 or less.

Abstract: The electrochemical cell has an anode, a cathode, and a solid electrolyte layer. The cathode contains a perovskite oxide expressed by the general formula ABO3 and includes at least one of Sr and La at the A site as a main component. The solid electrolyte layer is disposed between the anode and the cathode. The cathode includes a solid electrolyte layer-side region within 3 ?m from a surface of the solid electrolyte layer side. The solid electrolyte layer-side region includes a main phase which is configured by the perovskite oxide and a second phase which is configured by Co3O4 and (Co, Fe)3O4. An occupied surface area ratio of the second phase in a cross section of the solid electrolyte layer-side region is less than or equal to 10.5%.

Abstract: A battery management circuit that is provided for each of sets of battery cells connected in series in an energy storage device including the sets of the battery cells and at least one capacitor, and that includes: a positive connection terminal to be connected to a positive electrode of a corresponding one of the sets of the battery cells; a negative connection terminal to be connected to a negative electrode of the corresponding one of the sets of the battery cells; a capacitor connection terminal to be connected to a terminal of the at least one capacitor; and a control circuit that controls a connection operation of connecting the positive connection terminal or the negative connection terminal to the capacitor connection terminal, and causes the battery management circuit to perform the connection operation in synchronization with the connection operation of another battery management circuit among battery management circuits.

Abstract: A battery management circuit is a battery management circuit that manages an energy storage device including battery cells and capacitors, and includes: a first switching circuit that connects a first capacitor among the capacitors and a first battery cell among the battery cells in parallel; a second switching circuit that connects the first capacitor and two or more series-connected battery cells other than the first battery cell among the battery cells in parallel; and a control circuit that performs a first control of repeatedly switching between the connection by the first switching circuit and the connection by the second switching circuit.

Abstract: A cell stack device includes a plurality of electrochemical cells, a manifold, a gas supply portion, and a gas collection portion. The manifold includes a gas supply chamber and a gas collection chamber that extend in a direction in which the electrochemical cells are arranged. A support substrate of an electrochemical cell includes a first gas channel and a second gas channel. The first gas channel is connected to the gas supply chamber, and the second gas channel is connected to the gas collection chamber.

Abstract: A power supply protection circuit is a circuit that controls a protection switch provided on a power supply line connecting a direct current power supply and a load circuit. The power supply protection circuit includes: circuitry connected to the protection switch; and a controller that switches an operation state of the circuitry between a first state and a second state. The first state is an operation state in which driving of the protection switch is enabled when the protection switch is a first semiconductor switch having a control terminal connected to a semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type. The second state is an operation state in which driving of the protection switch is enabled when the protection switch is a second semiconductor switch having a control terminal connected to a semiconductor layer of a second conductivity type that is different from the semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type.

Abstract: The electrochemical cell according to the present invention has an anode, a cathode, and a solid electrolyte layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The cathode contains a main phase and a second phase. The main phase is configured with a perovskite oxide which is expressed by the general formula ABO3 and includes at least one of Sr and La at the A site. The second phase is configured with SrSO4 and (Co, Fe)3O4. An occupied surface area ratio of the second phase in a cross section of the cathode is less than or equal to 10.5%.

Abstract: The electrochemical cell according to the present invention has an anode, a cathode, and a solid electrolyte layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The cathode includes a solid electrolyte layer-side region within 3 ?m from a surface on the solid electrolyte layer side. The solid electrolyte layer-side region has a main phase that is configured by a perovskite oxide, and a second phase that is configured by SrSO4 and (Co, Fe)3O4. The perovskite oxide is expressed by the general formula ABO3 and contains at least one of Sr and La at the A site. The (Co, Fe)3O4 contained in the electrolyte layer-side region contains Co and Fe. An occupied surface area ratio of the second phase in a cross section of the solid electrolyte layer-side region is less than or equal to 10.5%.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode, an air electrode containing a perovskite type oxide as a main component, the perovskite type oxide being represented by a general formula ABO3 and containing La and Sr at the A site, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged between the fuel electrode and the air electrode. The air electrode includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being located on the most upstream side in a flow direction of an oxidant gas that flows through a surface of the air electrode, the second portion being located on the most downstream side in the flow direction. A first ratio of a La concentration to a Sr concentration detected at the first portion through Auger electron spectroscopy is at least 1.1 times a second ratio of a La concentration to a Sr concentration detected at the second portion through Auger electron spectroscopy.

Abstract: The electrochemical cell has an anode, a cathode, and a solid electrolyte layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The cathode contains a main phase which is configured by a perovskite oxide expressed by the general formula ABO3 and including at least one of La or Sr at the A site, and a second phase which is configured by Co3O4 and (Co, Fe)3O4. An occupied surface area ratio of the second phase in a cross section of the cathode is less than or equal to 10.5%.

Abstract: The electrochemical cell includes an anode, a cathode active layer, and a solid electrolyte layer disposed between the anode and the cathode active layer. The cathode active layer includes a first region which is disposed facing the solid electrolyte layer, and a second region which is disposed on the first region. An average particle diameter of first constituent particles which constitute the first region is smaller than an average particle diameter of second constituent particles which constitute the second region.

Abstract: A joining structure includes a first bonded member and a glass portion that is bonded to a surface of the first bonded member. The glass portion includes an interface region not exceeding 5 ?m of the surface of the first bonded member, and an inner region more than 5 ?m from the surface of the first bonded member. The interface region and inner region respectively include rod-shaped crystal particles that have three or more aspect ratios when viewed in cross section. An average orientation angle of the rod-shaped crystal particles included in the interface region is greater than or equal to 60 degrees and less than or equal to 120 degrees. A standard deviation of the orientation angle of the rod-shaped crystal particles included in the inner region is greater than a standard deviation of the orientation angle of the rod-shaped crystal particles included in the interface region.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode, an air electrode containing a perovskite type oxide as a main component, the perovskite type oxide being represented by a general formula ABO3 and containing La and Sr at the A site, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged between the fuel electrode and the air electrode. The air electrode includes a center portion and an outer peripheral portion, the center portion being located at a center of the air electrode in a plane direction perpendicular to a thickness direction of the air electrode, the outer peripheral portion surrounding the center portion in the plane direction. A first ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the outer peripheral portion through Auger electron spectroscopy is at least 1.1 times a second ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the center portion through Auger electron spectroscopy.

Abstract: A fuel cell includes a porous support substrate and a power generation element portion. The support substrate includes a first end portion that is linked to a gas supply chamber and a gas collection portion, and a second end portion that is located opposite to the first end portion. The support substrate includes a first gas channel and a second gas channel. The first gas channel extends from the first end portion toward the second end portion. The first gas channel is connected to the gas supply chamber. The second gas channel is connected to the first gas channel on the second end portion side. The second gas channel extends from the second end portion toward the first end portion. The second gas channel is connected to the gas collection chamber.

Abstract: A joining structure includes a first bonded member and a glass portion that is bonded to a surface of the first bonded member. The glass portion includes an interface region not exceeding 5 ?m of the surface of the first bonded member, and an inner region more than 5 ?m from the surface of the first bonded member. The interface region and inner region respectively include rod-shaped crystal particles that have three or more aspect ratios when viewed in cross section. An average orientation angle of the rod-shaped crystal particles included in the interface region is greater than or equal to 60 degrees and less than or equal to 120 degrees. A standard deviation of the orientation angle of the rod-shaped crystal particles included in the inner region is greater than a standard deviation of the orientation angle of the rod-shaped crystal particles included in the interface region.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell includes a fuel electrode, an air electrode containing a perovskite type oxide as a main component, the perovskite type oxide being represented by a general formula ABO3 and containing La and Sr at an A site, and a solid electrolyte layer arranged between the fuel electrode and the air electrode. The air electrode includes a first portion and a second portion, the first portion being located on a side opposite to the solid electrolyte layer, the second portion being located on the solid electrolyte layer side. A first ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the first portion through Auger electron spectroscopy is at least 1.1 times a second ratio of an La concentration to an Sr concentration detected at the second portion through Auger electron spectroscopy.