Abstract: A laser machining device which condenses a laser light inside a wafer and forms modified regions in a plurality of layers in the wafer, includes an infrared imaging optical system configured to face one surface of the wafer. In a case where a modified region positioned on a side of another surface opposite to the one surface of the wafer is defined as a first modified region and another modified region is defined as a second modified region, among the modified regions in the plurality of layers, the infrared imaging optical system has a focusing range that includes the first modified region and the another surface, and simultaneously images the first modified region and the another surface, and the second modified region is positioned outside the focusing range.

Abstract: A laser machining device which condenses a laser light inside a wafer and forms modified regions in a plurality of layers in the wafer, includes an infrared imaging optical system configured to face one surface of the wafer. In a case where a modified region positioned on a side of another surface opposite to the one surface of the wafer is defined as a first modified region and another modified region is defined as a second modified region, among the modified regions in the plurality of layers, the infrared imaging optical system has a focusing range that includes the first modified region and the another surface, and simultaneously images the first modified region and the another surface, and the second modified region is positioned outside the focusing range.

Abstract: The present invention is a flycutting mirror finishing method on a film-like workpiece, comprising: mounting a flycutting jig, on which a flycutting tool has been mounted, on a rotary spindle; and controlling a rotation of the rotary spindle and a position of the film-like workpiece relative to the rotary spindle; wherein, in order that the flycutting tool forms a mirror surface on a side edge surface of the film-like workpiece, the position of the film-like workpiece relative to the rotary spindle is moved in parallel with the mirror surface.

Abstract: There is provided a copying apparatus that copies a workpiece, including a shoe that comes into contact with a portion of the workpiece to be copied, and a first swiveling unit that swivels with the shoe in an arc pattern around a point, as a swiveling center, on a plane where the shoe comes into contact with the portion of the workpiece to be copied.

Abstract: There is provided a copying apparatus that copies a workpiece, includes a shoe that is brought into contact with the workpiece, an air cylinder that enables moving the shoe in a vertical direction, a clamping mechanism that grasps the workpiece from side surfaces placed in a direction orthogonal to a traveling direction and, and a lateral translatory slide guide that slides the clamping mechanism in the direction.

Abstract: There is provided a copying apparatus that copies a workpiece, includes a shoe that is brought into contact with the workpiece, an air cylinder that enables moving the shoe in a vertical direction, a clamping mechanism that grasps the workpiece from side surfaces placed in a direction orthogonal to a traveling direction and, and a lateral translatory slide guide that slides the clamping mechanism in the direction.

Abstract: There is provided a copying apparatus that copies a workpiece, including a shoe that comes into contact with a portion of the workpiece to be copied, and a first swiveling unit that swivels with the shoe in an arc pattern around a point, as a swiveling center, on a plane where the shoe comes into contact with the portion of the workpiece to be copied.

Abstract: A process for producing an anolyte and a catholyte for redox cells which comprises the steps of heating chromium ore together with carbonaceous substances to produce a pre-reduced chromium product produced a part of iron and chromium in chromium ore, dissolving the pre-reduced chromium product in hydrochloric acid and/or sulfuric acid iron and chromium. Thus, the dissolving step can be simplified, the predetermined concentration can be simply regulated.

Abstract: There is provided a process for producing a high-manganese iron alloy from a manganese ore and/or a pre-reduced product thereof in a top and bottom blown converter type reaction vessel holding molten iron or a molten manganese iron alloy, together with a molten slag, said molten iron or alloy and said molten slag being the products of a separate smelting furnace, gas being blown into said vessel through a bottom blowing nozzle, said process comprising charging said vessel with a supply of raw materials including at least one source of manganese and iron selected from a manganese ore containing manganese oxide and iron oxide and a pre-reduced product thereof, a solid carbonaceous substance and a slag forming agent, while simultaneously blowing gas selected from oxygen and a gas containing oxygen into said vessel through a top blowing lance to burn said carbonaceous substance so as to heat, melt and reduce said raw materials to form a melt containing manganese oxide and iron oxide; supplying an additional carbo