Abstract: A method and apparatus is disclosed for controlling the supercharging pressure in a turbocharger to obtain sufficient turbocharging even in low speed operating ranges. The supercharging pressure is regulated by a variable geometry means and an exhaust bypass valve means, which in turn are responsive to control means which receive feedback correction. The feedback correction is based on calculated controlled variables. Optimum control of the supercharging pressure is accomplished by finding a learning amount based on the feedback correction which in turn is used to modify the calculated control variables.

Abstract: Apparatus for controlling supercharge pressure for a turbocharger comprising means for determining any of operating zones to which a feedback control is applied, means for calculating a deviation between actual supercharge pressure and a target or preset supercharge pressure in accordance with the operating conditions of the engine, and means for selectively controlling capacity changing means and exhaust gas bypass valve means in accordance with the results of decisions and calculations, in which a control amount for the capacity changing means can be controlled in the direction of gradual increase in the capacity of the exhaust gas turbine or in the direction of decrease in the opening of the capacity changing means after the control is changed-over from the capacity changing means to the exhaust gas bypass valve means. Various data corresponding to the control steps for realizing the method are stored in a ROM of a microprocessor of an electronic control unit.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for controlling supercharge pressure for a turbocharger, which perform the functions of detecting an acceleration condition from operating conditions of the engine, calculating and performing a feedback control using a capacity changing means when actual supercharge pressure reaches a first predetermined value after the acceleration condition has been determined, starting a correction of a control amount for the capacity changing means in the acceleration condition, and for increasing a first target value of the supercharge pressure when a predetermined time passes after the actual supercharge pressure reaches a second target value.

Abstract: A control system is provided for a variable geometry turbocharger of an internal combustion engine including a turbine which is operated in response to an exhaust gas and a compressor connected to the turbine to supply the engine with supercharging compressor. The control system calculates a control value on the basis of the rotational speed of the engine and the load on the engine so as to control the exhaust gas to be supplied to the turbine. In addition, the control system is provided with a limiting means to limit the change of the control value within a predetermined range.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for controlling supercharge pressure for a turbocharger in any of operating zones where proportional control and/or integral control are to be performed and can be selected in accordance with the result of the determination of operation zone determining means and the integral control can be performed only in a predetermined operation zone close to the target supercharge pressure. With this construction, the proportional control is made possible from the zone having a relatively low supercharge pressure and a quick response for the supercharge pressure can be obtained. In addition, a detrimental influence due to early starting of the integral control in the prior art can be avoided.

Abstract: A method of and an apparatus for controlling supercharge pressure for a turbocharger in which a proportional control or a proportional plus integral control is selectively carried out for controlling the capacity changing structure of an exhaust gas flow path to a turbine and for controlling an exhaust bypass valve which defines a bypass passage for the exhaust gas to flow around the turbine. Independent control loops are established having electromagnetic valves operated accordance with control signals having duty values calculated by a microprocessor in a control unit. According to the present invention, since independent control loops are established, no interference occurs between the control loops and no overlapping control conditions take place. Also overshoot control for the actual supercharge pressure due to excessive correction according is prevented by utilizing selective control by a proportional or a proportional plus integral scheme.

Abstract: A supercharging pressure controller for a turbocharger. The supercharging pressure control device according to the present invention includes a drive device for driving a valve of a variable geometry mechanism which varies the flow area in the exhaust gas channel, a drive device for driving a valve provided in a bypass channel into which the exhaust gas is introduced to bypass the exhaust gas turbine, and a pressure sensor for detecting the supercharging pressure of the inlet air to the internal combustion engine. A control value obtaining device obtains a value for controlling the variable geometry mechanism drive device in accordance with the RPM of the engine and a value of the added load on the engine calculated thereby.

Abstract: A turbocharged engine having a pressure detector for detecting the supercharged air pressure and the instant when the pressure exceeds a first given value and a second higher given value. Decision means responsive to the signals from the pressure detecting means determine the time which is required for the supercharged pressure to increase from the first to the second given value and for deciding the existence of an acceleration when the elapsed time is less than a reference time interval.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling an amount of fuel supplied into an internal combustion engine.

Abstract: A fuel injection control system for a direct injection type internal combustion engine having a plurality of fuel injection valves installed in respective combustion chambers.

Abstract: Engine idle speed is feedback controlled on the basis of multivariable control method by using mathematical dynamic models to determine engine state variables. In the present invention, low-order (e.g. 4 order) dynamic models are adopted for facilitating calculations. The resulting control error is reduced or eliminated by several features as follows: the difference between the target idle speed and the current engine speed is integrated; an appropriate dynamic model is selected according to engine operating condition (coolant temp, O.sub.2 sensor); an appropriate control gain is determined according to engine load condition (air conditioner); the initial integral value of speed difference and the initial state variables are determined according to the engine speed at which the throttle valve is fully closed and the engine speed at which control starts in table look-up method; the target engine idle speed is corrected according to engine conditions; feedforward control is additionally provided, etc.

Abstract: A crusher of the type having a vertical rotary shaft which has a horizontal rotor secured thereto at its upper end and is rotatively mounted within the rotor frame, and mounted on the rotor is a hollow rotary cylinder with an open top end and a closed bottom, the cylinder having its peripheral wall formed with a number of raw material ejection slots so as to eject therethrough by centrifugal force the raw material to be crushed fed into it, and the rotor is further provided with a number of striking members outside the hollow rotary cylinder, preferably respectively pivoted to the rotor, for the purpose of striking the raw material ejected out of the raw material ejection slots of the hollow rotary cylinder, during the course of the flight thereof through the space around the rotary cylinder, whereby the raw material is crushed by the striking members.

Abstract: A light shielding material having a gradient of the luminous transmittance in the vertical direction and comprising at least two regions consecutive to each other and different from each other in the luminous transmittance is provided. The luminous transmittance of one region is in the range of from 30% to 75% and the luminous transmittance of the other region is up to 25%, and said other region includes a portion in which the difference of the luminous density is at least 0.35 per 10 mm of the distance in the vertical direction. This light shielding material is advantageously used for glare-reducing glasses, glare-reducing filters, visors and the like.

Abstract: Foams of polypropylene resin composition having remarkably improved extrusion foaming characteristics are prepared by a non-crosslinking extrusion foaming process comprising mixing and kneading polypropylene resin and 1,2-polybutadiene resin so that 1,2-polybutadiene resin reacts under the influence of the heat and shearing stress in the extruder, and extruding thereafter.