Abstract: A composite alloy has a three-dimensional periodic hierarchical structure having hard and soft metallic phases periodically arranged with a period having a length ranging from a nanometer scale to a millimeter scale. It is preferable that the three-dimensional periodic hierarchical structure has an alloy composition sloped microscopically within the period. The three-dimensional periodic hierarchical structure may be formed by periodically arranging rod-like hard and soft metallic phases having a width and a thickness ranging from a nanometer scale to a millimeter scale so that their side surfaces are adjacent to one another.

Abstract: A laminated metal thin plate produced by electrodeposition is composed of a plurality of metal layers provided by at least two kinds of materials different in composition from each other. The laminated metal thin plate includes a first layer excellent in mechanical characteristics and/or chemical resistance and a second layer excellent in electrical characteristics such as electrical conductivity. The first and the second layers are adhered to each other in atomic level directly at their interface, with composition gradient at their interface, or with an adherence buffer layer such as a copper thin film interposed therebetween. The first layer is at first deposited on an electrode substrate. The second layer is deposited on the first layer. Deposition is repeatedly carried out in such a way that the first layers on opposite sides of the second layer are equal in thickness. Finally, the electrode substrate is dissolved and removed.

Abstract: A main laser beam is focused to irradiate a tip of a high-density spouting gas flow formed by heating and then vaporizing a target material by a light beam for preheating making it to the plasma. As the result, the generation of a fast debris in the target material can be suppressed. And a discharge of the fast debris from the target material is also suppressed and extinguished by heating and then vaporizing them by a light beam for transpiration which is emitted at an adjusted time after the generation of the plasma. Thus, the fast debris which still appears in the plasma formed after preheating can be almost perfectly vaporized and extinguished by the light beam for transpiration.

Abstract: In laser-plasma generation, a fluid of target material is jet out to form a jet tube target 21 having a diameter ? and a wall thickness ? with a shell and a hollow space within the shell by using a core-column. A plurality of pulse-like laser beams 30 are directed to the jet tube target radially and equiangularly-spaced directions and are simultaneously focused and irradiated onto the jet tube target to generate the plasma.

Abstract: A laminated metal thin plate produced by electrodeposition is composed of a plurality of metal layers provided by at least two kinds of materials different in composition from each other. The laminated metal thin plate includes a first layer excellent in mechanical characteristics and/or chemical resistance and a second layer excellent in electrical characteristics such as electrical conductivity. The first and the second layers are adhered to each other in atomic level directly at their interface, with composition gradient at their interface, or with an adherence buffer layer such as a copper thin film interposed therebetween. The first layer is at first deposited on an electrode substrate. The second layer is deposited on the first layer. Deposition is repeatedly carried out in such a way that the first layers on opposite sides of the second layer are equal in thickness. Finally, the electrode substrate is dissolved and removed.

Abstract: A composite alloy has a three-dimensional periodic hierarchical structure having hard and soft metallic phases periodically arranged with a period having a length ranging from a nanometer scale to a millimeter scale. It is preferable that the three-dimensional periodic hierarchical structure has an alloy composition sloped microscopically within the period. The three-dimensional periodic hierarchical structure may be formed by periodically arranging rod-like hard and soft metallic phases having a width and a thickness ranging from a nanometer scale to a millimeter scale so that their side surfaces are adjacent to one another.

Abstract: In laser-plasma generation, a fluid of target material is jet out to form a jet tube target 21 having a diameter &phgr; and a wall thickness &tgr; with a shell and a hollow space within the shell by using a core-column. A plurality of pulse-like laser beams 30 are directed to the jet tube target radially and equiangularly-spaced directions and are simultaneously focused and irradiated onto the jet tube target to generate the plasma.

Abstract: An x-ray generation apparatus includes an x-ray reflecting mirror and x-ray generation part. The x-ray reflecting mirror is formed on an inner surface of a concave aspheric surface. The x-ray generation part receives at least one incident energy beam. The x-ray generation part is arranged near a focal point including a focal point of a paraboloid, and the x-ray reflecting mirror has at least one aperture formed in a position except for a part of the concave aspheric surface crossing an axis including the focal point of the concave aspheric surface, and an incident energy beam irradiates the x-ray generation part through the aperture.

Abstract: A main laser beam is focused to irradiate a tip of a high-density spouting gas flow formed by heating and then vaporizing a target material by a light beam for preheating making it to the plasma. As the result, the generation of a fast debris in the target material can be suppressed. And a discharge of the fast debris from the target material is also suppressed and extinguished by heating and then vaporizing them by a light beam for transpiration which is emitted at an adjusted time after the generation of the plasma. Thus, the fast debris which still appears in the plasma formed after preheating can be almost perfectly vaporized and extinguished by the light beam for transpiration.

Abstract: An x-ray generation apparatus includes an x-ray reflecting mirror and x-ray generation part. The x-ray reflecting mirror is formed on an inner surface of a concave aspheric surface. The x-ray generation part receives at least one incident energy beam. The x-ray generation part is arranged near a focal point including a focal point of a paraboloid, and the x-ray reflecting mirror has at lest one aperture formed in a position except for a part of the concave aspheric surface crossing an axis including the focal point of the concave aspheric surface, and an incident energy beam irradiates the x-ray generation part through the aperture.

Abstract: In a method and an apparatus for continuously generating laser plasma X-rays, pulsed X-rays are continuously generated at a stable output level for a long period of time from plasma produced by converging and irradiating a repetitive-shot pulsed main laser beam having high peak power onto a target formed on a cryogenic target layer. The basic structure comprises a rotary element having a cylindrical surface excellent in heat conductivity and rotatable within a vacuum chamber. A cooling device supplies the rotary element with a cryogenic fluid to cool. A cryogenic material supply mechanism supplies a chemically inert cryogenic material having a gaseous phase at temperature. From the cryogenic material, a cryogenic target layer of a predetermined thickness is formed on the surface of the rotary element. A main pulsed laser irradiating device continuously generates the pulsed X-rays from the plasma generated by the main laser beam generator.

Abstract: In a system for inputting image and command using a three-dimensional mouse, a transmitting dipole antenna (13) is movable in an out side real space which responds to a virtual space to radiate an electromagnetic wave. A radiation controlling switch (15) controls the transmitting dipole antenna to radiate the electromagnetic wave. A hologram data collecting circuit (17) receives the electromagnetic wave and collectes hologram data in response to the electromagnetic wave. A data processing unit (18) operates an expression in response to the hologram data to produce an image in the virtual space that responds to the transmitting dipole antenna. The expression defines an analogous expression which represents an analogous intensity of a wave which is generated by the hologram data. A movement distance operating unit (19) operates a movement distance of the transmitting dipole antenna while the transmitting dipole antenna radiates the electromagnetic wave.

Abstract: A laser medium for use in a composite slab type laser, wherein laser active layers are divided in the longitudinal direction of the laser medium by removing at least a part of a region, which is deviated from a zigzag path and a laser beam to be extracted therefrom does not pass through. Thereby amplified spontaneous emission can be weaken and parasitic oscillation can be effectively suppressed, and further laser oscillation and light amplification can be performed for a long period of time.

Abstract: In a solid-state laser device having a laser medium, a reflector member has first and second curved portions surrounding first and second reflector axes, respectively, and an extension portion extended from the first and the second curved portions towards a principal surface of the laser medium for defining an internal space together with the curved portions. Within the internal space, first and second lamps are disposed farther from the principal surface than the first and the second reflector axes, respectively, with first and second lamp axes of the first and the second lamps juxtaposed to the reflector axes and an optical axis of the laser medium. Each curved portion has an arcuate internal surface which forms a partially circular cylinder having a center axis as the reflector axis. Alternatively, the arcuate internal surface of each curved portion forms a partially elliptic cylinder having a symmetry axis as the reflector axis and an outside focal line with which the lamp axis substantially coincides.

Abstract: In a laser plasma X-ray device for use in generating X-rays by bombarding a target material by a pulsed laser beam, the target material is selected from materials which are in a gas phase at the room temperature and which are cooled in a selected one of liquid and solid phases. Such a selected phase of the target material is continuously supplied to a focal point of the pulsed laser beam to be subjected to bombardment and to generate the X-rays. On generation of the X-rays, the target material is rendered into the gas phase to be recycled into the selected phase. The X-rays are guided outside of the chamber through an X-ray gate unit opened in synchronism with a repetition frequency of the pulsed laser beam.