Abstract: The present invention is directed to a vehicle motion control system for maintaining vehicle stability by controlling the braking force applied to each wheel of a vehicle. The braking force applied to each wheel is controlled on the basis of outputs of the wheel speed sensors and the vehicle speed estimation unit. A limit value is calculated to a difference between a first estimated vehicle speed calculated for a second wheel located on the right side of the vehicle and a left estimated vehicle speed calculated for a left wheel located on the left side of the vehicle. The calculation of one of the first and second estimated vehicle speeds is limited in response to the limit value, so as to keep the estimated vehicle speed calculated for one of the right and left wheels rotating at a relatively low speed to be greater than a value subtracting the limit value from the second estimated vehicle speed provided for the other one of the right and left wheels rotating at a relatively high speed.

Abstract: A method and computer system for converting triangular meshes to quadrilateral meshes in a computer system. The computer system comprises a processor and a means for inputting graphical data. The graphical data comprises a surface, the surface is defined by a boundary and comprises a triangular mesh. The method comprises the processor-executed steps of: (a) ascertaining the topological distance of the triangles on the triangular mesh to the boundary; (b) dividing the surface into layers of triangles, such that each layer comprises triangles within a range of topological distances; (c) within each layer, forming groups of triangles; and (d) dividing each group into at least three quadrilateral elements.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a vehicle motion control system for maintaining vehicle stability by controlling the braking force applied to at least one of the front and rear wheels of a vehicle. Oversteer restraining control and/or understeer restraining control are performed by applying the braking force to at least one wheel, on the basis of a condition of the vehicle in motion and irrespective of depression of a brake pedal. In the oversteer restraining control, the braking force is applied to at least one wheel so as to cause an increase in turning radius, when an excessive oversteer occurs during vehicle motion. Whereas, in the understeer restraining control, the braking force is applied to at least one wheel so as to cause a decrease in turning radius, when an excessive understeer occurs during vehicle motion.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a vehicle motion control system for maintaining vehicle stability by controlling the braking force applied to at least one wheel of a vehicle. A vehicle condition monitor monitors a condition of the vehicle in motion. A steering control unit actuates a braking unit to apply the braking force to at least one wheel on the basis of the output of the monitor and irrespective of depression of a brake pedal. An anti-skid control unit actuates the braking unit to control the braking force applied to at least one wheel in response to a rotational condition thereof during braking. A subordinate control unit actuates the braking unit to adjust the braking force control performed by the anti-skid control unit, in accordance with a predetermined relationship between the anti-skid control unit and the subordinate control unit.

Abstract: A wheel brake pressure controlling system includes a brake pressure operating circuit for selectively supplying to a wheel brake a primary pressure generated by a vacuum booster in response to the depression of a brake pedal and a secondary pressure generated by a hydraulic pressure pump which is driven by an electric motor, a microcomputer for estimating a turning of vehicle, determining if a turning of the vehicle is in a over- or under-steer region, and for determining a wheel brake, the pressure of which is to be intensified if the turning of the vehicle lies in the over- or under-steer region, and an output controller for supplying the secondary pressure to the wheel brake which has been thus determined, through the brake pressure operating circuit.

Abstract: The invention is directed to a vehicle motion control system for maintaining vehicle stability by controlling the braking force applied to each wheel, in response to a condition of the vehicle in motion. A predetermined pressure increasing characteristic is provided for the hydraulic braking pressure which is supplied from a pressure control apparatus to wheel brake cylinders, on the basis of the vehicle condition, when the braking force controller initiates the control of the braking force to actuate the pressure control apparatus. And, a predetermined pressure decreasing characteristic is provided for the hydraulic braking pressure, when the braking force controller terminates the control of the braking force. The braking force controller is arranged to control the hydraulic braking pressure supplied from the pressure control apparatus to each wheel brake cylinder in accordance with the pressure increasing characteristic and the pressure decreasing characteristic to maintain the stability of the vehicle.

Abstract: A brake force distribution control system comprising wheel speed sensing means S1, S3 which detect wheel speeds VWFR, VWRR of a front right wheel FR and a rear right wheel RR respectively, standard speed calculating means M1 calculating first speed value B and second speed value C from each of the wheel speeds VWFR, VWRR, and figuring out front medium value of VWFR, B and C and rear medium value of VWFR, B and C as standard wheel speeds VWSFR, VWSRR respectively, comparison means M2 calculating a difference between the standard wheel speeds VWSRR and VWSFR and driving means M3 operating a pressure control valve unit FV depending on the differences so as to modulate brake force of the rear right wheel RR relative to that of the front right wheel FR.

Abstract: An isosurface is composed of grid points having a predetermined scalar value. The method and apparatus of the present invention generates an isosurface by extracting from volume data a first grid point having a minimum scalar value and a second grid point having a maximum scalar value. A list of polyhedrons that intersect a line connecting the first grid point to the second grid point is generated and stored. The isosurface is generated in accordance with the list of polyhedrons and the predetermined scalar value. Because the volume data obtained by scientific and technological calculation or the like is kept in the form of a polyhedron list having an associated maximum scalar value and minimum scalar value, generating an isosurface according to a predetermined scalar value can be accomplished at high speed.

Abstract: In an electric control apparatus for a hydraulic brake control system of a vehicle, a feedback control portion is provided to produce a feedback control pulse signal indicative of a difference between a target slip ratio and an actual slip ratio. A feedforward control portion is provided to successively convert the target slip ratio in relation to a required braking force, a hydraulic braking pressure and an amount of hydraulic braking fluid, in sequence, and to convert the amount of hydraulic braking fluid into a feedforward control pulse signal. A pulse mixing circuit is connected to control portions to mix the control pulse signals for producing a mixed control pulse signal as a distinct control pulse signal. A driving circuit is connected to the pulse mixing circuit to control a hydraulic braking pressure applied to each wheel of the vehicle in accordance with the control pulse signal, regardless of the extent to which a brake pedal of the vehicle is depressed.

Abstract: A high zoom-ratio finite-distance lens with fixed object-to-image distance having arranged from the object side a first lens unit of positive focal length, a second lens unit of negative focal length and third and fourth lens units of positive focal length. The first, third and fourth lens units are moved relative to the second lens units. Conditions are set on the magnifications of the first, second and fourth lens units at the ends of the magnification range, on the relative displacements of the third and fourth lens units and on the location of the entrance pupil.

Abstract: A telephoto zoom lens system comprises eleven lens elements including a fourth lens group (relay lens system) of a three-group three-element arrangement. The telephoto zoom lens system covers a range of from quasi-telephoto setting to telephoto setting, has a zoom ratio ranging from about 2.5 to 3, and an F number ranging from 4 to 4.5.

Abstract: A compact wide-angle zoom lens comprising, in order from the object side, a variator that consists of a first lens component having a negative focal length and a second lens component having a positive focal length, and a single-element fixed third lens component (relay lens system) that is positioned subsequent to the variator for increasing its focal length. The first lens component has a negative-positive lens unit arrangement. The second lens component has a positive-negative-positive lens unit arrangement. The first and second lens component are mechanically moved so as to provide a variable focal length and maintain a constant focal position. The following conditions are satisfied: ##EQU1## where f.sub.1 : the focal length of the first lens component;f.sub.2 : the focal length of the second lens component;f.sub.L : the focal length of the overall system for the narrow-angle position; andm.sub.3 : the lateral magnification of the third lens component.

Abstract: A variable magnification copying lens system with the arrangement composed, in order from the object side, of a first lens unit (A) having a negative focal length, a lens group (B) having a positive focal length, and a second lens unit (C) having a negative focal length. The system being capable of maintaining a constant distance between the object surface and the image surface not only by changing the distance between the first lens unit (A) and the lens group (B) and that between the lens group (B) and the second lens unit (C) but also by moving the overall lens system. The first and second lens units (A) and (C) have the primary function of maintaining a constant distance between the object surface and the image surface by a substantially symmetrical movement with respect to the lens group (B). Each of the first and second lens units being simply made of a single negative lens.

Abstract: A telephoto macro lens system includes, in order from the object side, a first lens group having a positive focal length and a second lens group having a negative focal length. The first lens group is composed of a first subgroup (1a) including a positive lens group and a negative meniscus lens and a second subgroup (1b) including a negative lens having a divergent surface on the object side. The second lens group is composed of a third subgroup (2a) having a large negative refractive power and a positive unitary lens (2b) spaced from the third subgroup. The lens system is so constructed as to satisfy the following conditions:(1) 1.0<F/F.sub.1a <1.8;(2) 1.5<F/F.sub.1 <2.3;(3) -3.7<F/F.sub.2a <-2.5;(4) -2.5<F/f.sub.1b <-0.8, wherein f.sub.1b =r.sub.1b /(N.sub.1b -1); and(5) 0.15<(l.sub.2a -2b)/F<0.35wherein:F is the focal length of the overall lens system;F.sub.1a is the focal length of the first subgroup;F.sub.1 is the focal length of the first lens group;F.sub.

Abstract: A zoom lens with a high variable power ratio including wide-angle lens capability, comprises, in order from the object, a first lens unit having a positive focal length, a second lens unit having a negative focal length, and a third lens unit having a positive focal lenth. The first, second and third lens units are mechanically movable to change the overall focal length and keep an image plane constant. The third lens unit is composed of, in order from the object, a third sub-lens unit a having a positive lens, a negative lens and a positive lens in order from the object and a third sub-lens unit b having a positive lens, a negative lens and a positive lens in order from the object.

Abstract: A diaphragm is mounted for axial movement with the rear lens group in the zoom lens of a facsimile apparatus, and a closing ring axially movable with the rear lens group is rotatable via camming surfaces in a surrounding cylinder to close or open the aperture in accordance with the lens group axial movement.

Abstract: A finite distance zoom lens system including a first lens group having a negative focal length and a second lens group having a positive focal length. The two lens groups are mechanically movable to thereby vary the focal length while maintaining constant the distance between the object surface and the image surface. The zoom lens system has a magnification of about 1/10 to 1/5 times.

Abstract: A small-size and high-performance wide-angle photographic lens system of the seven-group-seven-element type including first and second components of negative meniscus lenses with convex surfaces directed to the object, a third component of a positive lens having a large-curvature convex surface directed to the object, a fourth component of a positive lens having a large-curvature convex surface directed to the image, a fifth component of a biconcave negative lens, a sixth component of a positive meniscus lens having a convex surface directed to the image, and a seventh component of a positive lens.

Abstract: A compact high-performance zoom lens system having thirteen lens elements grouped into ten lens components with a rear half of the fourth lens group composed of three lens elements.

Abstract: A zoom lens system has a first set of lenses having a positive focal length and a second set of lenses having a negative focal length. The first set of lenses which is located closer to the object than the second set constitutes a reflecting system, while the second set of lenses constitutes a transmission lens system.