Abstract: An a.c. driving system photo-writing type recording medium having a substrate formed an electrode layer on one side thereof, a transparent substrate formed a transparent electrode layer on one side thereof, an optical switching layer having a pair of charge generation layers each including a charge generation material; and a charge transport layer including a charge transport material, disposed between the pair of charge generation layers, and a display element layer, in which the electrode layer of the substrate and the transparent electrode layer of the transparent substrate are opposed to each other, and the following equation (1) is satisfied |Ipcgl?Ipctl|?0.5 eV??(1) where Ipcgl is an ionization potential of the charge generation material and Ipctl is an ionization potential of the charge transport material.

Abstract: The invention provides an optical switching element and a device, an optically addressed type display medium and a display each including such an optical switching element. The optical switching element comprising an optical switching layer including lower and upper charge generating layers and a charge transporting layer sandwiched therebetween, wherein the optical switching element has at least one of the following characteristics. (1) In the charge transporting layer, a charge transporting material to binder polymer ratio calculated according to the formula: [charge transporting material/(charge transporting material+binder polymer)]×100 (% by weight) is 50% by weight or more; (2) a polymer compound is used as the charge transporting material; and (3) the charge generating layer on the light incident side (the lower charge generating layer) has a lower light absorptance than that of the other charge generating layer (the upper charge generating layer).

Abstract: A reflective-type multi-color display device is capable of obtaining a vivid and bright multi-color display with less display layers, and therefore, with a state where a parallax is decreased and a cost of the device can be reduced. Specifically, the display device of the present invention includes a cell 51 having a display layer 31 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects blue, a cell 53 having a display layer 33 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects green, a cell 57 having a display layer 37 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects yellow and a cell 55 having a display layer 35 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects red, these layers being laminated in this order from the observation side. A color filter 43 which transmits red and absorbs the other color light is provided between the cell 57 and the cell 55.

Abstract: An optical switching element including at least a multi-layered optical switching layer that includes a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer wherein, the charge transport layer contains a charge transporting material represented by the following general formula (1). The optical switching element is applicable in a device, a photoaddressable display medium and a display device. The optical switching element may alternatively include a mono-layered optical switching layer that has a charge generating function and a charge transporting function, wherein the mono-layered optical switching layer contains the charge transporting material represented by the following general formula (1).

Abstract: A cholesteric liquid crystal display capable of rewriting at a high speed is provided, which includes a cholesteric liquid crystal display element forming pixels at intersection portions of scan-electrodes of a scan-electrode group and data-electrodes of a data-electrode group, in which L-lines (L: integer lager than 2) of the scan-electrodes each of the scan-electrode group form a block. The drive circuit sequentially selects one block during one selection time, simultaneously applies coded drive voltages each corresponding to the L-lines of the scan-electrodes in the selected block, and applies coded data-voltages each corresponding to data-electrodes of the data-electrode group synchronously with the drive voltages.

Abstract: A bright, and contrasty reflective display can be performed without using polarizer films, and display switching can be performed fast. A ferroelectric liquid crystal is sandwiched between substrates, and electrodes are formed face to face with each other in a direction parallel to the substrates. The ferroelectric liquid crystal, when no electric field is applied to it, goes into a planer state in which a helical axis becomes perpendicular to or almost perpendicular to the substrates, selectively reflecting light of specific wavelengths in a visible region. A driving circuit applies an electric field between the electrodes in a direction perpendicular to or almost perpendicular to the helical axis of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in the planer state.

Abstract: A reflective-type multi-color display device is capable of obtaining a vivid and bright multi-color display with less display layers, and therefore, with a state where a parallax is decreased and a cost of the device can be reduced. Specifically, the display device of the present invention includes a cell 51 having a display layer 31 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects blue, a cell 53 having a display layer 33 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects green, a cell 57 having a display layer 37 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects yellow and a cell 55 having a display layer 35 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects red, these layers being laminated in this order from the observation side. A color filter 43 which transmits red and absorbs the other color light is provided between the cell 57 and the cell 55.

Abstract: A reflective-type multi-color display device is capable of obtaining a vivid and bright multi-color display with less display layers, and therefore, with a state where a parallax is decreased and a cost of the device can be reduced. Specifically, the display device of the present invention includes a cell 51 having a display layer 31 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects blue, a cell 53 having a display layer 33 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects green, a cell 57 having a display layer 37 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects yellow and a cell 55 having a display layer 35 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects red, these layers being laminated in this order from the observation side. A color filter 43 which transmits red and absorbs the other color light is provided between the cell 57 and the cell 55.

Abstract: An a.c.

Abstract: A cholesteric liquid crystal display capable of rewriting at a high speed is provided, which includes a cholesteric liquid crystal display element forming pixels at intersection portions of scan-electrodes of a scan-electrode group and data-electrodes of a data-electrode group, in which L-lines (L: integer lager than 2) of the scan-electrodes each of the scan-electrode group form a block. The drive circuit sequentially selects one block during one selection time, simultaneously applies coded drive voltages each corresponding to the L-lines of the scan-electrodes in the selected block, and applies coded data-voltages each corresponding to data-electrodes of the data-electrode group synchronously with the drive voltages.

Abstract: A bright, and contrasty reflective display can be performed without using polarizer films, and display switching can be performed fast. A ferroelectric liquid crystal is sandwiched between substrates, and electrodes are formed face to face with each other in a direction parallel to the substrates. The ferroelectric liquid crystal, when no electric field is applied to it, goes into a planer state in which a helical axis becomes perpendicular to or almost perpendicular to the substrates, selectively reflecting light of specific wavelengths in a visible region. A driving circuit applies an electric field between the electrodes in a direction perpendicular to or almost perpendicular to the helical axis of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in the planer state.

Abstract: A polymer dispersion type liquid crystal element having a sufficient reflectance and having a layered structure in which a refractive index changes periodically inside, as well as a manufacturing method thereof. The polymer dispersion type liquid crystal element is manufactured by applying laser interference light to a polymerizable composition containing a polymerizable compound having a photo-dimerizable structure and low molecular liquid crystals to conduct polymer phase separation and then applying polarized light to manufacture a polymer dispersion type liquid crystal element in which low molecular liquid crystals are oriented.

Abstract: In a light control element whose reflection factor or transmission factor varies in response to an external stimulus such as voltage by having layer structure in which the refractive index varies periodically, design is made such that the difference in refractive index between adjacent layers in a reflected state becomes sufficiently great and the half-amplitude level of reflection spectrum becomes sufficiently high. A light control layer is interposed between supporting plates, and the light control layer is obtained by alternately laminating a nonsensitive layer and a sensitive layer in the Z-axis direction.In the nonsensitive layer, the oriented direction of the liquid crystal is fixed in the X-axis direction, while in the sensitive layer, the liquid crystal is oriented in the X-axis direction. On the supporting plate, a pair of electrodes and facing to each other in the Y-direction are so formed as to extend in a striped shape in the X-axis direction respectively.

Abstract: In a light control element whose reflection factor or transmission factor varies in response to an external stimulus such as voltage by having layer structure in which the refractive index varies periodically, design is made such that the difference in refractive index between adjacent layers in a reflected state becomes sufficiently great and the halfamplitude level of reflection spectrum becomes sufficiently high. A light control layer is interposed between supporting plates, and the light control layer is obtained by alternately laminating a nonsensitive layer and a sensitive layer in the Z-axis direction. In the nonsensitive layer, the oriented direction of the liquid crystal is fixed in the X-axis direction, while in the sensitive layer, the liquid crystal is oriented in the X-axis direction. On the supporting plate, a pair of electrodes and facing to each other in the Y-direction are so formed as to extend in a striped shape in the X-axis direction respectively.

Abstract: A sputtering device for coating a substrate which enters the device downstream and exits the device upstream. The device includes a vacuum container having a gas exhausting portion; a gas providing portion for providing inactive gas and reactive gas into the vacuum container upstream of the gas exhausting portion; a target provided in the vacuum container between a gas inlet and the gas exhausting portion; a diffusion interval from the target to the gas inlet, the diffusion interval having a length at least as great as the shortest distance between the target and the substrate to be coated; substrate supporting structure for supporting the substrate so that the substrate faces the target; and a plasma producing portion to produce gas plasma near the substrate. The reactive gas uniformly diffuses with the inactive gas within the diffusion interval, is made to be a plasma state, and reacts with sputtering particles scattered from the target to form a uniform film on a surface of the substrate.

Abstract: In a reverse staggered MOS transistor, a gate electrode and a signal wiring connected to the gate electrode consist of a wiring base on the substrate side and an overlying wiring part superposed on the wiring base. The wiring base is composed of a conductive material, e.g., tantalum-molybdenum alloy, which has a body-centered cubic lattice structure with its lattice constants the same as or approximately identical to those of .alpha.-tantalum. Being continuously deposited on the wiring base by sputtering, the overlying wiring part also assumes the .alpha.-tantalum form inheriting the lattice structure of the wiring base. In the case of a staggered MOS transistor, source and drain electrodes and respective signal wirings connected to the source and drain electrodes take the similar structure.

Abstract: A semiconductor device constituting a light detection element in which a photoconductive layer is sandwiched between a transparent electrode and a metal electrode, in which the metal electrode has a lamination structure consisted by two different metals, one of the metals on the photoconductive layer side being formed of tantalum (Ta) or tungsten (W), the other of the metals being formed of titanium (Ti). Thereby, silicide is prevented from being formed in the interface to the photoconductive layer, so that the titanium (Ti) can be made to act as a good etching stopper at the time of patterning the photoconductive layer by etching, and since titanium (Ti) which has high electrolytic-corrosion-proof is used as the metal electrode, it is possible to obtain a semiconductor device having high reliability.

Abstract: In a reverse staggered MOS transistor, a gate electrode and a signal wiring connected to the gate electrode consist of a wiring base on the substrate side and an overlying wiring part superposed on the wiring base. The wiring base is composed of a conductive material, e.g., tantalum-molybdenum alloy, which has a body-centered cubic lattice structure with its lattice constants the same as or approximately identical to those of .alpha.-tantalum. Being continuously deposited on the wiring base by sputtering, the overlying wiring part also assumes the .alpha.-tantalum form inheriting the lattice structure of the wiring base. In the case of a staggered MOS transistor, source and drain electrodes and respective signal wirings connected to the source and drain electrodes take the similar structure.

Abstract: An image sensor manufacturing method, in which a chromium layer or the tantalum layer as barrier metal is formed on the semiconductor layer as the ohmic contact layer of the thin film transistor switching element (TFT). With use of the chromium layer or the tantalum layer, the semiconductor layers of an n.sup.+ hydrogenated amorphous silicon (n.sup.+ a-Si:H) can be protected when metal, e.g., aluminum, is vapor deposited or deposited by the sputtering method. Accordingly, the characteristic of the semiconductor layers can be kept intact, and consequently the reliability of the image sensor is improved. Further, when the chromium layer or the tantalum layer as barrier metal is formed, the lower electrode portion of the photo detect element is formed using the same layer, in the same photolithograph process. Accordingly, the manufacturing of image sensors is simpler than that of the same in which the photo detect elements and the TFTs are formed in different process steps.