Abstract: An object is to construct a storage system configured with a high degree of freedom while ensuring a certain fault tolerance. The storage system includes a plurality of nodes that process an I/O processing request of data. The node has a storage device and a processor that performs the I/O processing on the storage device. The processor constitutes a data redundancy configuration in which data stored in different storage devices is combined as a data set. A management unit for managing the storage system performs a fault tolerance calculation of calculating fault tolerance information for a failure of each component by using component information that is information of a component including at least the and the storage device, and by using data redundancy configuration information related to the data redundancy configuration, and determines a data arrangement by applying the data redundancy configuration related to the calculated fault tolerance information.

Abstract: Provided is a storage system that performs inter-node movement of parity and reconfiguration of a stripe when a node configuration is changed. The storage system includes a plurality of nodes and a management unit, in which the nodes are targets for data write and read requests, form a stripe by a plurality of data stored in different nodes and parity generated based on the plurality of data, and store the parity of the stripe to which the data under the write request belongs in a node different from the plurality of nodes that store the plurality of data so as to perform redundancy; and the management unit transmits, to the node, an arrangement change request to perform the inter-node movement of the parity and the reconfiguration of the stripe when the node configuration is changed.

Abstract: Securing redundancy for physical storage devices that are extended in units smaller than physical storage devices configuring one RAID group. When d+r pieces of physical storage devices are connected by connecting r pieces of physical storage devices, a computer: adds v×r pieces of logical chunks; adds n×v pieces of physical storage areas in each additional storage device; changes mapping information to associate n pieces of physical storage areas with v×(d+r) pieces of logical chunks under a mapping condition; in response to a write request of user data, creates redundant data; determines a first logical chunk corresponding to the write request; and respectively writes n pieces of element data including the user data and the redundant data into n pieces of physical storage areas corresponding to the first logical chunk, based on the mapping information.

Abstract: A storage system is configured to include a plurality of storage nodes, and includes a selection unit which selects a storage node required for setting a data protection level after conversion from among the plurality of storage nodes on the basis of information related to the conversion of the data protection level. The storage node selected by the selection unit manages data using the data protection level after conversion.

Abstract: A first node retains node management information for managing each of the nodes, presence or absence in the first node of a transfer target data set, a write destination, which is a strip in a node area of the node. Concerning the second nodes, this is each of the nodes other than the first node, the first node: (A) when specifying from the node management information that there are two or more transfer target data sets, write destinations that are respectively two or more strips in a node area of the second node, specifies two or more intra-node positions respectively corresponding to the two or more transfer target data sets; and (B) transmits, to the second node, one command for transfer, transfer targets of which are two or more transfer target data sets respectively present in the specified two or more intra-node positions.

Abstract: An object is to construct a storage system configured with a high degree of freedom while ensuring a certain fault tolerance. The storage system includes a plurality of nodes that process an I/O processing request of data. The node has a storage device and a processor that performs the I/O processing on the storage device. The processor constitutes a data redundancy configuration in which data stored in different storage devices is combined as a data set. A management unit for managing the storage system performs a fault tolerance calculation of calculating fault tolerance information for a failure of each component by using component information that is information of a component including at least the and the storage device, and by using data redundancy configuration information related to the data redundancy configuration, and determines a data arrangement by applying the data redundancy configuration related to the calculated fault tolerance information.

Abstract: Even if a physical storage device is extended in units smaller than physical storage devices configuring one RAID group, redundancy is secured. When d+r pieces of physical storage devices are connected to the computer by connecting r pieces of physical storage devices to the computer, a computer: adds v×r pieces of logical chunks; adds n×v pieces of physical storage areas in each additional storage device; changes mapping information to mapping information that associates n pieces of physical storage areas with each of v×(d+r) pieces of logical chunks under a mapping condition; in response to a write request of user data, creates redundant data that is based on the user data; determines a first logical chunk corresponding to the write request; and respectively writes n pieces of element data including the user data and the redundant data into n pieces of physical storage areas corresponding to the first logical chunk, based on the mapping information.

Abstract: A storage system includes a plurality of nodes connected with a network and configured to provide volumes, a plurality of drive units; and a management system. Each of the plurality of drive units consists of a plurality of storage drives and is accessible from one or more of the plurality of nodes without intervention of the other nodes. The management system or one of the plurality of nodes is configured to determine number of storage drives to be included in a new distribution range to distribute data of a first volume based on access frequency to the first volume.

Abstract: A distributed storage system, which receives a write request from a client, includes a plurality of computers which receive power supply from a plurality of power supply units. A first computer, among the plurality of computers, which is a computer that receives the write request from the client, is configured to: cache updated data which is at least apart of data accompanying the write request; select n second computers which are n computers (n is a natural number) among computers each receiving power from a power supply unit different from a power supply unit of the first computer as transfer destinations of the updated data; and transfer the updated data to the selected n second computers, respectively. At least one of the n second computers, when caching the updated data from the first computer, is configured to return a result to the first computer.

Abstract: The present invention is to provide a toner for developing electrostatic images, which has an excellent balance between low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant shelf stability, which has good toner conveyance amount stability and printing durability, and which has less occurrence of fog in a high temperature and high humidity environment. Disclosed is a toner for developing electrostatic images, comprising colored resin particles containing a binder resin and a colorant, and an external additive, wherein the toner comprises, as the external additive, fine silica particles in an amount of 0.5 to 3.0 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the colored resin particles, the fine silica particles having a hydrophobicity of 15 to 49% that is determined after a high-temperature and high-humidity incubation.

Abstract: Provided is a toner for developing electrostatic images that has an excellent balance between low-temperature fixability and heat-resistant shelf stability as well as good conveyance amount stability and printing durability, and causes less occurrence of fog in a high temperature and high humidity environment. The toner for developing electrostatic images of the present invention includes colored resin particles containing a binder resin and a colorant, and an external additive, wherein silica fine particles A having a sodium to silicon ratio of 0.1 to 1.8% by mass, are contained as the external additive.

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for producing a toner comprising combining a binder resin, a wax, a negatively-chargeable charge control resin and a colorant to form the toner, prior to said combining, the negatively-chargeable charge control resin is obtained by drying treatment conducted for 2 to 24 hours under conditions of a drying temperature of 45 to 80° C. and a pressure of 0.5 to 20 kPa, wherein the negatively-chargeable charge control resin comprises a monomer unit having a functional group that imparts a negative charging property, a vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomer unit, and a (meth)acrylate monomer unit.

Abstract: A virtual parity group including virtual storage drives is formed. A redundant data set is stored in a virtual stripe array including virtual stripes that are virtual storage regions of a prescribed size of the respective virtual storage drives constituting the virtual parity group. The virtual stripes of the virtual stripe array are mapped to different physical storage drives, respectively. Virtual chunks including one or more virtual stripe arrays formed in the virtual parity group. Physical parity groups including the physical storage drives are formed. The virtual stripes of the virtual chunks in a distributed manner are mapped to the physical parity groups. One or more virtual chunks are selected from among the virtual chunks. Storage regions corresponding to the selected one or more virtual chunks are converted to spare regions in the physical storage region.

Abstract: A capacity control module which manages a physical storage area provided by each of storage devices in a cluster by dividing the physical storage area into a physical storage area having a predetermined size, in a plurality of storage nodes configuring a storage system, and, a storage control module which receives an I/O request from a higher-level device are provided, two storage control modules, which are arranged in different storage nodes and configure a redundancy configuration, are managed as a storage control module pair, the capacity control module preferentially allocates each of the physical storage areas in the vicinity of an arrangement destination of each of the storage control modules configuring the storage control module pair, to the storage control module pair, and storage data is read from or is written on the physical storage area, according to a command applied from the storage control module.

Abstract: Provided is a toner for developing electrostatic images which is less likely to cause toner ejection and is excellent in printing durability. The toner comprises colored resin particles and external additives, wherein the external additives comprise an external additive A and an external additive B; wherein the external additive A is silica particles being surface-hydrophobized with a specific hydrophobizing agent and having a specific number average particle diameter; and wherein the external additive B is silicone resin particles having a ratio (BS/TS) of a BET specific surface area (BS) to a theoretical specific surface area (TS) in a range of from 3.0 to 30.0, and having a specific number average particle diameter.

Abstract: Each of multiple nodes has a processor, a memory, and a storage region. In a process of updating a stripe, the processors generate an intermediate parity from a data block included in a first node and a parity block included in the first node and included in the stripe to be processed, transfer the intermediate parity to a second node, cause the intermediate parity to be stored as a parity in a block of the second node, and configure the stripe with the data block from which the intermediate parity has been generated, the block storing the parity, and a data block included in a node other than the first and second nodes and included in the stripe to be processed.

Abstract: A capacity control module which manages a physical storage area provided by each of storage devices in a cluster by dividing the physical storage area into a physical storage area having a predetermined size, in a plurality of storage nodes configuring a storage system, and, a storage control module which receives an I/O request from a higher-level device are provided, two storage control modules, which are arranged in different storage nodes and configure a redundancy configuration, are managed as a storage control module pair, the capacity control module preferentially allocates each of the physical storage areas in the vicinity of an arrangement destination of each of the storage control modules configuring the storage control module pair, to the storage control module pair, and storage data is read from or is written on the physical storage area, according to a command applied from the storage control module.

Abstract: A capacity control module which manages a physical storage area provided by each of storage devices in a cluster by dividing the physical storage area into a physical storage area having a predetermined size, in a plurality of storage nodes configuring a storage system, and, a storage control module which receives an I/O request from a higher-level device are provided, two storage control modules, which are arranged in different storage nodes and configure a redundancy configuration, are managed as a storage control module pair, the capacity control module preferentially allocates each of the physical storage areas in the vicinity of an arrangement destination of each of the storage control modules configuring the storage control module pair, to the storage control module pair, and storage data is read from or is written on the physical storage area, according to a command applied from the storage control module.

Abstract: Provided is a toner for developing electrostatic images, which is less likely to cause filming, is excellent in printing durability, and is less likely to cause fog under a high temperature and high humidity environment. The toner for developing electrostatic images is a toner containing colored resin particles that contains a binder resin, a colorant and a charge control agent, and external additives, wherein the external additives include at least: silica fine particles A, silica fine particles B, and electroconductive metal oxide fine particles C; wherein the silica fine particles. A and B are silica fine particles surface-hydrophobized with at least one hydrophobizing agent; wherein the electroconductive metal oxide fine particles C have an electrical resistance of 70 ?cm or less and contain antimony-doped tin oxide.

Abstract: This turbocharger (10A) is provided with: a nozzle flow passage (35) for radially inwardly guiding gas from a scroll flow passage (34) and supplying the gas to a turbine wheel (12); and a nozzle mount (51) provided on the bearing housing (16) side of the nozzle flow passage (35). The turbocharger (10A) is further provided with: a vane (53) for adjusting the amount of introduced gas in the nozzle flow passage (35); and a heat shielding part (80) for minimizing heat transfer across the nozzle mount (51) from the turbine housing (31) side to the bearing housing (16) side.