Abstract: Disclosed is a novel continuous ion exchange apparatus capable of performing both ion exchange treatment and regeneration treatment within a single column by the use of ion exchange resin(s) whose ion exchange abilities can be regenerated by acid or alkali.

Abstract: An apparatus for biological treatment of water and waste of the attached-growth type, constructed by disposing long fiber bundles formed by binding a large number of monofilaments, upward and downward in a zigzag formation in a vessel, fixing substantially the upper and lower angle portions thereof, and particularly incorporating supports for supporting the angle portions of the long fiber bundles disposed upward and downward in a zigzag formation, into a part of a frame assembled in advance together with frame members, the apparatus being capable of high-volume treatment, causing little clogging, lowering construction costs, and capable of stable long-term operation.

Abstract: A column filter using bundles of long fibers is disclosed. The bundles of long fibers are fixed at their lower end portions but are free-standing at their upper end portions. The length of the fibers in the bundles may preferably be longer than 1,000 mm but shorter than 3,000 mm--especially longer than 2,000 mm but shorter than 3,000 mm. During operation, the bundles may be compressed to a height of 80-30%, generally 50-40% of their original height. A plurality of holders for the respective bundles of long fibers, each of said holders being formed of a cap and a tube communicating to each other, said cap defining orifices and said tube defining a slot through a side wall and opening at both upper and lower ends, may preferably be provided on a perforated plate arranged transversely in a lower interior part of the shell with the cap being located above the perforated plate and the tube being positioned below the perforated plate. The holders cover substantially all perforations of the perforated plate.

Abstract: A column filter using bundles of long fibers is disclosed. The bundles of long fibers are fixed at their lower end portions but are free-standing at their upper end portions. The length of the fibers in the bundles may preferably be longer than 1,000 mm but shorter than 3,000 mm--especially longer than 2,000 mm but shorter than 3,000 mm. During operation, the bundles may be compressed to a height of 80-30%, generally 50-40% of their original height. A plurality of holders for the respective bundles of long fibers, each of said holders being formed of a cap and a tube communicating to each other, said cap defining orifices and said tube defining a slot through a side wall and opening at both upper and lower ends, may preferably be provided on a perforated plate arranged transversely in a lower interior part of the shell with the cap being located above the perforated plate and the tube being positioned below the perforated plate. The holders cover substantially all perforations of the perforated plate.

Abstract: Continuous or semi-continuous ion exchange treatment, such as desalination, is achieved by utilizing a column packed with a heterogeneous thermally regenerable ion exchange resin in a single bed divided into a loading zone, a heat displacement zone above the loading zone, and a resin regeneration zone above the heat displacement zone. In operation, feed liquid flows upwardly through the loading zone and the treated liquid is removed. Loaded resin is transferred from the loading zone to the regeneration zone, the resin bed then being displaced downwardly, counter-current to the flow of feed liquid. A hot regeneration liquid, which may be a portion of the treated liquid, is passed through the loaded resin in the regeneration zone for thermal regeneration of the resin.