Abstract: In the production step, alcohol is reacted with carbon monoxide in a reaction solvent in the presence of a rhodium-containing solid catalyst obtained by immobilizing rhodium in an insoluble carrier (I) containing a pyridine ring in its resin structure and an alkyl iodide containing an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms, to produce a reaction product having a water content of 0.5 to 10% by weight; and in the subsequent removing step, an organic carboxylic acid is separated and recovered from the reaction product, and the recovered organic carboxylic acid is contacted with an insoluble carrier (II) containing a pyridine ring in its resin structure, to remove an iodide contained in the organic carboxylic acid.

Abstract: Transesterification involving a fat, or a fat and fatty acid, or a phospholipid is carried out with a lipase or phospholipase immobilized on a polymer carrier. The transesterification is preferably carried out in a system containing a very small amount of water such as 50 to 2,000 ppm. The phospholipase can be phospholipase A.sub.2. In a first embodiment, lipase from a microorganism of the genus Rhizopus, Mucor, Alcaligenes or Candida is immobilized on the surface of a hydrophobic, insoluble organic polymer carrier having pores of an average diameter of 10 nm or larger and having on the surface epoxy groups capable of covalently binding lipase. The immobilized lipase is dried under reduced pressure. In a second embodiment, lipase is immobilized on the surface of a polymer carrier such as a hydrophobic, insoluble organic polymer carrier having a pore diameter of 5 to 1,000 nm and having on the surface a functional group capable of binding lipase and an anion-exchange group.

Abstract: An immobilized lipase is prepared for transesterification of oils, fats or phospholipids in a reaction system containing a very small amount of water such as 50 to 2,000 ppm. The lipase may be a phospholipase such as phospholipase A.sub.2. In a first embodiment, lipase from a microorganism of the genus Rhizopus, Mucor, Alcaligenes or Candida is immobilized on the surface of a hydrophobic, insoluble organic polymer carrier having pores of an average diameter of 10 nm or larger. A solution of lipase is contacted with the polymer carrier for 10 minutes to 40 hours to covalently bond the lipase to the carrier. The immobilized lipase is dried under reduced pressure to a water content of 0.5 to 30 wt %. In a second embodiment, lipase is immobilized on the surface of a polymer carrier such as a hydrophobic, insoluble organic polymer carrier having a pore diameter of 5 to 1,000 nm and having a functional group capable of binding lipase in a aqueous solution and an anion-exchange group on the surface.

Abstract: A methanol carbonylation catalyst includes a rhodium complex supported on a porous, cross-linked vinylpyridine resin, wherein the vinylpyridine resin has a cross-linking degree of 30-60%, a pore volume of 0.1-0.4 ml/g and an average pore diameter of 20-100 nm. The catalyst may be prepared by contacting the pyridine ring-containing resin with an aqueous solution containing rhodium ion and then contacting the resulting rhodium ion-carrying resin with carbon monoxide and an alkyl iodide in an organic solvent to convert the rhodium ion to a rhodium complex bound to the resin. Acetic acid is produced by reacting carbon monoxide with methanol at a temperature of 140.degree.-250.degree. C. and a partial pressure of carbon monoxide of 7-30 kg/cm.sup.2 in the presence of an alkyl iodide and the above catalyst.

Abstract: A protein-rich composition of brewer's spent grain origin is disclosed, which includes products separated from the husks of BSG and which contains 40 to 60% by weight of proteins, 12 to 18% by weight of lipids, 2 to 6% by weight of fibrous materials, and 1 to 4% by weight of ashes based on dry weight.

Abstract: A process for producing a protein-rich product and/or a fibrous product is disclosed which includes the steps of pressing brewer's spent grain (BSG) in a wet state, and sieving the resulting pressed BSG in the presence of water to thereby separate it into a protein-containing fraction and a fibrous fraction.

Abstract: A method for electrolyzing a molten chloride which comprises electrolyzing a molten bath of a chloride of a metal more base than hydrogen, such as sodium, magnesium, calcium or aluminum, in an electrolytic cell containing an anode and a cathode to form chlorine at the surface of the anode and the metal at the surface of the cathode,wherein the anode comprises an electrically conductive substrate resistant to corrosion by the molten bath of the metal chloride and the electrolysis products thereof and having thereon a coating of a noble metal oxide, andwith the electrolysis being carried out in the presence of an oxide or oxychloride of a metal more base than the metal formed at the cathode where the concentration of the oxide or oxychloride of the metal present in the molten bath, expressed as the mole fraction of free oxygen ion, is at least about 1.times.10.sup.-4.