Abstract: A Johnsen-Rahbek force type electrostatic chuck including: a metal substrate; an electrode for electrostatic attraction provided on the metal substrate with an insulating layer interposed between the metal substrate and the electrode for electrostatic attraction; and a dielectric layer constituting an electrostatic attraction surface in contact with a workpiece. The dielectric layer includes a ceramic spray coating and a sealing component with which pores of the ceramic spray coating are filled, and the sealing component contains a metal organic salt containing a rare earth element.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus that is capable of highly accurately measuring the color density of a color bar in a printing press by a simple structure, and a printing press equipped with the color density measuring apparatus. There is provided a method of measuring the color density of a color bar of each of print mediums in a printing press, in which each of print mediums is printed and imaged before it is discharged from the printing press, and the color density of the imaged print medium is measured.

Abstract: The present invention provides a video-signal playback apparatus that allows the user to carry out cue and review operations by pressing only one operation button (a skip button) and to set the length of a review time at a value desired by the user. While watching a program in a normal playback state, the user can press the skip button once in order to put the VCR in a skip-cue state. As a point of interest has been reached, the skip button is pressed for the second time to make the VCR transit from the skip-cue state to a skip-review state. After the review operation has been carried out for a predetermined period of time, the VCR gets in a normal playback state automatically. If the skip button is pressed for the second time continuously instead of momentarily, the review operation is continued as long as the skip button is being pressed. As the skip button is released, the review operation is discontinued, putting back the VCR in a normal playback state.