Abstract: Powder including low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylene having a melt viscosity of 1×102 to 7×105 Pa·s at 380° C., having a melt viscosity of 1×102 to 7×105 Pa·s at 380° C., having an average particle size of 1.0 to 50 ?m, and containing 30 or more carboxyl groups at ends of the molecule chain per 106 carbon atoms in the main chain, wherein the powder is substantially free from C8-C14 perfluorocarboxylic acids and salts thereof.

Abstract: Provided is a manufacturing method of a semiconductor device having a semiconductor substrate. The manufacturing method includes forming an interlayer insulating film above the semiconductor substrate; forming a metal electrode above the interlayer insulating film; acquiring an image of the metal electrode and detecting defect candidates on a surface of the metal electrode based on the image; and performing inspection by determining a quality of the semiconductor device, based on height information of each of the detected defect candidates in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the metal electrode.

Abstract: A photovoltaic module has a photovoltaic cell assembly and a diode assembly. The photovoltaic cell assembly is formed by stacking a rear surface electrode layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a transparent electrode layer on one surface of a substrate, and an electrode layer formed on the other surface of the substrate. The diode assembly is formed by sequentially stacking a first electrode layer, a semiconductor layer, and a second electrode layer on one surface of a second substrate. The first electrode layer or the second electrode layer of the diode assembly is formed of a conductive oxide. The electrode layer formed on the other surface of the substrate of the photovoltaic cell assembly and the electrode layer of the diode assembly surface-contact and electrically connected with each other. The photovoltaic cell assembly and the diode assembly are sealed and integrated with each other by a sealing member.

Abstract: Provided is a photoelectric conversion element manufacturing apparatus capable of effectively performing an annealing treatment on a flexible substrate in a small space, minimizing an increase in the area of the apparatus in an installation space and the processing time, ensuring high productivity, and improving the electric characteristics of a photoelectric conversion element. The photoelectric conversion element manufacturing apparatus forms the photoelectric conversion element and a transparent conductive film on a flexible substrate (1) and transports the flexible substrate (1) to a winding chamber (5) so as to wind around a winding roller (8) provided in the winding chamber (5). The winding chamber (5) includes a roller core heater (11), which is a heating mechanism that performs an annealing treatment on the flexible substrate (1) which is being wound after the film forming process.