Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes: a nozzle plate having multiple nozzles; a diaphragm facing an inner face of the nozzle plate; multiple individual chambers between the nozzle plate and the diaphragm, the multiple individual chambers respectively communicating with the multiple nozzles; multiple actuators on a first face of the diaphragm opposite to a second face of the diaphragm facing the multiple individual chambers, the multiple actuators to deform the diaphragm to discharges a liquid in the multiple individual chambers from the multiple nozzles, respectively; a holder facing the multiple actuators and the diaphragm and joined to a peripheral portion of the diaphragm; a first joint at a first position around a periphery of the holder and joining the diaphragm and the holder; and multiple second joints joining the diaphragm and the holder at multiple second positions inside the first position, respectively.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes: an actuator substrate; an electromechanical transducer held by the actuator substrate; a damper; and a damper holding substrate holding the damper, wherein the damper disposed between the actuator substrate and the damper holding substrate and joined to the actuator substrate and the damper holding substrate with an adhesive, the damper has a joint portion having a recess or a through hole.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes a piezoelectric element configured to vibrate; a damper configured to reduce vibration energy generated by the piezoelectric element; a first substrate joined to the damper, the first substrate having a first space facing one surface of the damper vibrates; a second substrate opposite to the first substrate via the damper, the second substrate having: a recess accommodating the piezoelectric element, and a second space facing another surface of the damper, the second space disposed opposite to the first space via the damper and a leg between the damper and the second substrate the leg joined to the second substrate with an adhesive including a filler.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes: a support member including a first recess and a second recess; and a damper member bonded to the support member, the damper member including a damper membrane, wherein the first recess faces the damper membrane, and the second recess is closer to an end of the support member than the first recess in a longitudinal direction of the support member, and the second recess does not face the damper membrane.

Abstract: An actuator includes: a frame having a recess; an actuator substrate including a common chamber; a damper between the frame and the actuator substrate, the damper defining a part of a wall of the common chamber of the actuator substrate. The damper includes multiple layers laminated in a lamination direction, and the multiple layers is symmetrical in the lamination direction with respect to a center of the damper in the lamination direction.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head includes: a nozzle plate having multiple nozzles from each of which a liquid is to be discharged; a first substrate including multiple pressure chambers respectively communicating with the multiple nozzles; and a second substrate including: a common channel communicating with the multiple pressure chambers, the common channel extending in a longitudinal direction of the second substrate; and a reinforcement in the common channel, the reinforcement intersecting the longitudinal direction.

Abstract: A liquid discharge head having a nozzle substrate including a nozzle from which a liquid is discharged in a liquid discharge direction, a pressure chamber communicating with the nozzle, a diaphragm defining a part of wall of the pressure chamber, and a pressure generator on a first surface of the diaphragm opposite to a second surface of the diaphragm facing the pressure chamber, the pressure generator configured to deform the diaphragm. A gap between a first line and a second line is 40 ?m or less in a direction perpendicular to the liquid discharge direction, where the first line extends, in the liquid discharge direction, from a displacement center at which the diaphragm deforms with a maximum displacement amount, and the second line extends from a central position of the nozzle in the liquid discharge direction.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes an electromechanical transducer film including a complex oxide that has a perovskite structure containing at least Pb, Zr and Ti; a pair of electrodes disposed to sandwich the electromechanical transducer film; and an insulating protective film covering the electromechanical transducer film and the pair of electrodes. Pb content of the electromechanical transducer film is uniform in a film thickness direction of the electromechanical transducer film, and a density of leak current measured between the pair of electrodes is 4.2×10?6 A/cm2 or less in an environment in which a water vapor pressure is 300 kPa.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes a first electrode on a substrate, an electromechanical transducer film on the first electrode, and a second electrode on the electromechanical transducer film. The electromechanical transducer film includes a thin line pattern. The thin line pattern includes a plurality of thin lines that are spaced away from each other.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes an electromechanical transducer film including a complex oxide that has a perovskite structure containing at least Pb, Zr and Ti; a pair of electrodes disposed to sandwich the electromechanical transducer film; and an insulating protective film covering the electromechanical transducer film and the pair of electrodes. Pb content of the electromechanical transducer film is uniform in a film thickness direction of the electromechanical transducer film, and a density of leak current measured between the pair of electrodes is 4.2×10?6 A/cm2 or less in an environment in which a water vapor pressure is 300 kPa.

Abstract: There is provided a method of producing an electromechanical transducer that includes a plurality of electromechanical transducer elements on a substrate. The method includes forming a plurality of individual electrodes corresponding to the plurality of electromechanical transducer elements on the substrate, forming an insulation film to cover the plurality of individual electrodes on the substrate, forming a conductive film on the insulation film, forming a plurality of openings to expose the plurality of individual electrodes in each of the insulation film and the conductive film, and forming a plurality of electromechanical transducer films on the plurality of individual electrodes exposed in the plurality of openings.

Abstract: An electromechanical transducer element includes a first electrode on a substrate, an electromechanical transducer film on the first electrode, and a second electrode on the electromechanical transducer film. The electromechanical transducer film includes a thin line pattern. The thin line pattern includes a plurality of thin lines that are spaced away from each other.

Abstract: There is provided a method of producing an electromechanical transducer that includes a plurality of electromechanical transducer elements on a substrate. The method includes forming a plurality of individual electrodes corresponding to the plurality of electromechanical transducer elements on the substrate, forming an insulation film to cover the plurality of individual electrodes on the substrate, forming a conductive film on the insulation film, forming a plurality of openings to expose the plurality of individual electrodes in each of the insulation film and the conductive film, and forming a plurality of electromechanical transducer films on the plurality of individual electrodes exposed in the plurality of openings.