Abstract: A communication terminal is controlled such that the communication terminal does not transmit content data from the communication terminal to one or more communication terminals through a first session, but transmits content data from the communication terminal to a selected communication terminal of the one or more communication terminals through a second session after the second session is established with the selected communication terminal.

Abstract: A communication management apparatus includes a receiver to receive image type information indicating a type of an image from a first communication terminal; circuitry to generate image data identification information for identifying image data to be transmitted from the first communication terminal to a second communication terminal, based on reception of the image type information; and a transmitter to transmit the image data identification information that is generated to the first communication terminal, and transmit the image data identification information that is generated and the image type information that is received to the second communication terminal.

Abstract: A communication terminal includes a memory, a receiver, and circuitry. The memory stores image data identification information identifying image data in association with image type information indicating a type of an image represented by the image data. The receiver receives specific image data and specific image data identification information identifying the specific image data from another communication terminal. The circuitry controls a display to display a specific image represented by the specific image data received by the receiver in a size according to the image type information associated with the specific image identification information in the memory.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes circuitry to: obtain, before transmission of video data to a counterpart communication apparatus via a network, communication environment information to be used for determining magnitude of variation of communication quality of the counterpart communication apparatus; determine, using the obtained communication environment information, a coding setting of the video data in accordance with the magnitude of variation of the communication quality of the counterpart communication apparatus; and code the video data in accordance with the determined coding setting; and a transmitter to transmit the coded video data to the counterpart communication apparatus via the network.

Abstract: A communication apparatus communicable with a counterpart communication apparatus, includes: circuitry to acquire receiver-side environment information indicating a communication environment of the counterpart communication apparatus that receives content data from the communication apparatus, determine a number of layers of the content data for scalable coding, based on the receiver-side environment information, and code the content data in the determined number of layers by using the scalable coding; and a transmitter to transmit the coded content data to the counterpart communication apparatus through a communication network.

Abstract: An information processing system includes a first information processing terminal and an information processing apparatus coupled to the first information processing terminal. The information processing system includes a storage unit configured to store codec data indicating a codec that can be used for performing communication between the first information processing terminal and a second information processing terminal other than the first information processing terminal; and a determining unit configured to make a first determination of determining whether there is a codec that can be used by both the first information processing terminal and the second information processing terminal, based on the codec data.

Abstract: An information processing apparatus includes a receiver configured to receive images from other information processing apparatuses via a network; a determiner configured to determine a number of the images to be displayed on a display device based on a communication status; a determiner configured to determine a layout of a screen on which the images are displayed, according to the determined number; a determiner configured to determine whether a predetermined time has passed from when the layout has been previously changed, when the determined number is different from the number presently displayed; and a display processor configured to display the screen having the previously changed layout until the predetermined time is determined to have passed since the layout is previously changed, and to display the screen having a different layout, which is newly determined, when the predetermined time is determined to have passed since the layout is previously changed.

Abstract: A communication control device is configured to control data communication between terminals using a communication network. The communication control device include: a status-information acquiring unit configured to acquire respective pieces of status information which represent operating states of the terminals; a reception-information acquiring unit configured to acquire respective pieces of reception information which represent states of the communication network when the terminals have received data; a communication determining unit configured to determine a type of communication on the basis of a combination of pieces of status information of multiple terminals that participate in the same communication; and a quality control unit configured to control quality of data that each terminal transmits or receives on the basis of the determined type of communication and the acquired reception information.

Abstract: A communication terminal includes: a receiver to receive a plurality of items of content data respectively from a plurality of counterpart communication terminals through a session established between the communication terminal and the counterpart communication terminals via a communication network; and circuitry to: determine an available band of the communication network; select, from among the plurality of items of content data, one or more items of content data receivable by the communication terminal in accordance with the available band of the communication network and bands being used to receive the plurality of items of content data; and control a display to display information indicating the available band of the communication network in association with the selected one or more items of content data receivable by the communication terminal.

Abstract: A communication apparatus includes circuitry to: obtain, before transmission of video data to a counterpart communication apparatus via a network, communication environment information to be used for determining magnitude of variation of communication quality of the counterpart communication apparatus; determine, using the obtained communication environment information, a coding setting of the video data in accordance with the magnitude of variation of the communication quality of the counterpart communication apparatus; and code the video data in accordance with the determined coding setting; and a transmitter to transmit the coded video data to the counterpart communication apparatus via the network.

Abstract: A system stores, in a memory, first service identification information for identifying a service to be used by a first communication terminal that requests for content data, second service identification information for identifying a service to be used by a second communication terminal that transmits content data, and content data information indicating property of content data that can be transmitted to the first communication terminal, in association with one another. After a session for transmitting content data is established between the first communication terminal and the second communication terminal, the system controls transmission of content data from the second communication terminal to the first communication terminal, so as to transmit content data having a property indicated by the content data information that is stored in association with the first service identification information and the second service identification information.

Abstract: A billing system used together with an image forming apparatus for forming an image on a sheet and discharging the sheet includes: a counting unit for counting, when a print job is interrupted, a billing unit number for a sheet which already has an image formed thereon when the interruption occurs and which has not discharged from the image forming apparatus; a determination unit for determining whether the print job is continued or cancelled after the print job is interrupted; and a billing unit for counting a billing counter corresponding to an amount for which the image forming apparatus is used, and billing a user who uses the image forming apparatus according to the billing counter, wherein the billing unit switches whether the billing counter is counted by using a count result of the counting unit in accordance with a determination result of the determination unit.

Abstract: A process for producing an oxygen reducing catalyst including a step of heat-treating, in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, a catalyst precursor including a compound (i) supplying a carbon element and a nitrogen element by heating in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and a compound (ii) containing at least one element of iron and cobalt. Also disclosed is an oxygen reducing catalyst, a fuel cell catalyst layer including the oxygen reducing catalyst, an electrode including the fuel cell catalyst layer, a membrane-electrode assembly including the electrode and a fuel cell including the membrane-electrode assembly.

Abstract: Disclosed is an information processing system including a first information processing terminal and an information processing apparatus coupled to the first information processing terminal. The information processing system includes a storage configured to store codec data, the codec data including at least one first codec capable of being used for performing first communications between the first information processing terminal and a second information processing terminal differing from the first information processing terminal, a determiner configured to determine a second codec for performing second communications between the first information processing terminal, the second information processing terminal, and a third information processing terminal differing from the second information processing terminal, based on the codec data, and a switcher configured to switch a third codec currently used for performing the first communications, the third codec being selected from the first codec.

Abstract: A transmission management apparatus includes a receiving unit that receives, from a first transmission terminal, a communication request for a communication with a second transmission terminal; a fists storage unit that stores therein terminal identification information for identifying the transmission terminals and relay device identification information for identifying a relay device that relays data to be transmitted and received by the first transmission terminal, in an associated manner; a relay device selecting unit that selects the relay device associated with the terminal identification information of the first transmission terminal in the first storage unit; a second storage unit that stores therein the relay device identification information and encryption necessity information in an associated manner; and an encryption necessity determining unit that determines whether encryption is needed based on the encryption necessity information associated, in the second storage unit, with the relay device se

Abstract: A data transmission system including a plurality of terminal devices arranged in a communication network and configured to transmit or receive content data. At least one terminal devices configured to receive content data transmitted from another terminal device, among the plurality of terminal devices, includes a reception priority management unit configured to manage priority of two or more content data addressed to the own terminal device, and a data reception control unit configured to, based on an output time interval of output signals corresponding to priority data whose priority managed by the reception priority management unit is high among two or more content data being received, request a transmission source configured to transmit content data having priority lower than the priority data, to perform control to stop transmitting the content data.

Abstract: A disclosed information processing device transmits and receives, as elements, audio information of inputted audio, video information of video taken, and screen image information of a screen image to be shared. The information processing device includes a determination criteria storing unit configured to store determination criteria created in terms of the elements for determining whether to continue transmission or reception of the elements, an information obtaining unit configured to obtain specified information related to the elements from the elements being transmitted and received, and an element determination unit configured to determine from the obtained information whether to continue or not the transmission or the reception of the elements by referring to the determination criteria.

Abstract: A communication apparatus outputs data received from another communication apparatus. The communication apparatus includes: a notification unit that notifies an external information processing apparatus of an output state of data received from the other communication apparatus; and a display processing unit that, while a session for receiving data with the other communication apparatus is established, acquires an output state of data transmitted to the other communication apparatus at the other communication apparatus from the information processing apparatus and displays output state information representing the acquired output state on a display device.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: an image forming unit configured to form an image on a paper sheet; a conveying unit configured to convey the paper sheet to the image forming unit at a first conveyance speed and convey the paper sheet in the image forming unit at a second conveyance speed; a trouble detecting unit configured to detect a trouble; and a control unit configured to control the conveyance of the paper sheet in the conveying unit and the image formation on the paper sheet in the image forming unit, wherein, when the trouble detecting unit detects a trouble from the paper sheet being conveyed, and the control unit controls the conveying unit to perform a purging process to discharge a troubled paper sheet to the outside of the apparatus, the control unit controls a conveyance speed to be equal to the second conveyance speed.

Abstract: An oxygen reduction catalyst, an ink including the catalyst, a catalyst layer including the catalyst, an electrode having the catalyst layer, a membrane electrode assembly having the catalyst layer, and a fuel cell having the membrane electrode assembly. The oxygen reduction catalyst includes titanium dioxide particles, a carbon material and a catalyst component, wherein a surface of the titanium dioxide particles is covered with zinc oxide, and the titanium dioxide particles and the carbon material each support the catalyst component.