Abstract: The present invention provides a hard coat film having excellent adhesion to a hard coat layer when a cycloolefin polymer film is used as a base material. The hard coat film of the present invention comprises a hard coat layer containing an ionizing radiation curable resin laminated on at least one surface of a cycloolefin polymer base film through a primer layer. This primer layer contains a modified polyolefin resin in which a polyolefin resin is graft-modified with an ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or a derivative thereof, and a (meth)acrylic acid ester. In this modified polyolefin resin, the graft weight of the ?,?-unsaturated carboxylic acid or derivative thereof is 0.4 to 7 wt. % when the amount of the modified polyolefin resin is taken as 100 wt. %.

Abstract: In an electronically controlled throttle control device in which a throttle control output command calculated by an electronic control unit (ECU) is calculated based on a throttle main control command, calculated from a throttle opening deviation which is a difference between a throttle opening command and a throttle opening detection signal, and a throttle correction control command which is a value obtained by integrating a product of the throttle opening deviation and a coefficient, the coefficient for calculation of the throttle correction control command is changed depending on a driving state based on an acceleration state and a deceleration state of a throttle and a small throttle deviation state.

Abstract: In an electronically controlled throttle control device in which a throttle control output command calculated by an electronic control unit (ECU) is calculated based on a throttle main control command, calculated from a throttle opening deviation which is a difference between a throttle opening command and a throttle opening detection signal, and a throttle correction control command which is a value obtained by integrating a product of the throttle opening deviation and a coefficient, the coefficient for calculation of the throttle correction control command is changed depending on a driving state based on an acceleration state and a deceleration state of a throttle and a small throttle deviation state.

Abstract: A method of controlling an injector driving circuit that may include a first field effect transistor (FET) that opens and closes a driving power supply to an injector, a second FET having a pulse width modulation control function for supplying a starting current to the injector to open a valve and then supplying a driving current for maintaining an opening driving state to the injector, and a Zener diode. The method may include increasing a valve opening torque to open the injector via turning ON both the first and second FET to obtain a maximum current during a cold start or when an injector valve sticks, turning OFF the second FET before closing the injector, and preventing damage to the Zener diode due to a back electromotive voltage from the injector provided when the valve is closed via turning OFF the first FET after a predetermined amount of time elapses.