Abstract: A charging member includes: an electrically conductive base; an elastic layer disposed on the electrically conductive base; and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. A PFVTF value of a surface of the surface layer is 1.5 or less. The PFVTF value is obtained by Fourier transforming a roughness curve of the surface of the surface layer that is measured in a circumferential direction to thereby obtain amplitude intensities at different periods, multiplying the amplitude intensities at different periods by VTF coefficients at respective periods that are obtained from a visual characteristic VTFL* (f=period) for lightness L* represented by Formula (V) below to thereby obtain corrected amplitude intensities at different periods, and integrating the corrected amplitude intensities in a period range of from 100 ?m to 1000 ?m inclusive: VTFL*(f)=5.05×(e(?0.843×1×f)?e(?1.454×1×f)).

Abstract: A charging member includes: an electrically conductive base; an elastic layer disposed on the electrically conductive base; and a surface layer disposed on the elastic layer. A PFVTF value of a surface of the surface layer is 1.5 or less. The PFVTF value is obtained by Fourier transforming a roughness curve of the surface of the surface layer that is measured in a circumferential direction to thereby obtain amplitude intensities at different periods, multiplying the amplitude intensities at different periods by VTF coefficients at respective periods that are obtained from a visual characteristic VTFL* (f=period) for lightness L* represented by Formula (V) below to thereby obtain corrected amplitude intensities at different periods, and integrating the corrected amplitude intensities in a period range of from 100 ?m to 1000 ?m inclusive: VTFL*(f)=5.05×(e(?0.843×1×f)?e(?1.

Abstract: A method for producing a hydroxypyrazine derivative represented by formula (I) (wherein R1 represents a halogen atom), the method including reacting a pyrazine derivative represented by formula (III) (wherein R2 represents a nitrile group, an N-unsubstituted or N-substituted carbamoyl group, an ester group or a carboxyl group, M represents a cation capable of forming a salt, and n represents a number corresponding with the valence of M) with a halogenating agent. According to the present invention, a hydroxypyrazine derivative that functions as a production intermediate for the dichloropyrazine derivative can be produced efficiently at low cost.

Abstract: A method for producing a hydroxypyrazine derivative represented by formula (I) (wherein R1 represents a halogen atom), the method including reacting a pyrazine derivative represented by formula (III) (wherein R2 represents a nitrile group, an N-unsubstituted or N-substituted carbamoyl group, an ester group or a carboxyl group, M represents a cation capable of forming a salt, and n represents a number corresponding with the valence of M) with a halogenating agent. Also, a method for producing a dichloropyrazine derivative represented by formula (II) (wherein R21 represents a nitrile group, an N-unsubstituted or N-substituted carbamoyl group, an ester group, a carboxyl group, or a group formed as a result of a change in the functional group of R2 during chlorination), the method including reacting the hydroxypyrazine derivative (I) with a chlorinating agent.

Abstract: A method for producing a hydroxypyrazine derivative represented by formula (I) (wherein R1 represents a halogen atom), the method including reacting a pyrazine derivative represented by formula (III) (wherein R2 represents a nitrile group, an N-unsubstituted or N-substituted carbamoyl group, an ester group or a carboxyl group, M represents a cation capable of forming a salt, and n represents a number corresponding with the valence of M) with a halogenating agent. Also, a method for producing a dichloropyrazine derivative represented by formula (II) (wherein R21 represents a nitrile group, an N-unsubstituted or N-substituted carbamoyl group, an ester group, a carboxyl group, or a group formed as a result of a change in the functional group of R2 during chlorination), the method including reacting the hydroxypyrazine derivative (I) with a chlorinating agent.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an externally circular precursor lens that is processed into a rim-shaped lens includes inputting processing data to specify the shape of the rim-shaped lens, and processing a material block based on the processing data so as to manufacture a precursor lens. An elliptical virtual rim surrounding the precursor lens manufactured at that time is imaginarily set, and is processed based on the processing data up to that range, and, outside the virtual rim, an amount of sag is changed to secure the edge thickness of the precursor lens. This method for manufacturing a precursor lens for a rim-shaped lens reduces an excessive load imposed on a processing tool during processing, allows the precursor lens to be processed into a rim-shaped lens while satisfactorily maintaining its edge thickness without the lack of the edge of the precursor lens, and results in a thin lens.

Abstract: A method for producing a hydroxypyrazine derivative represented by formula (I) (wherein R1 represents a halogen atom), the method including reacting a pyrazine derivative represented by formula (III) (wherein R2 represents a nitrile group, an N-unsubstituted or N-substituted carbamoyl group, an ester group or a carboxyl group, M represents a cation capable of forming a salt, and n represents a number corresponding with the valence of M) with a halogenating agent. Also, a method for producing a dichloropyrazine derivative represented by formula (II) (wherein R21 represents a nitrile group, an N-unsubstituted or N-substituted carbamoyl group, an ester group, a carboxyl group, or a group formed as a result of a change in the functional group of R2 during chlorination), the method including reacting the hydroxypyrazine derivative (I) with a chlorinating agent.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing an externally circular precursor lens that is processed into a rim-shaped lens includes inputting processing data to specify the shape of the rim-shaped lens, and processing a material block based on the processing data so as to manufacture a precursor lens. An elliptical virtual rim surrounding the precursor lens manufactured at that time is imaginarily set, and is processed based on the processing data up to that range, and, outside the virtual rim, an amount of sag is changed to secure the edge thickness of the precursor lens. This method for manufacturing a precursor lens for a rim-shaped lens reduces an excessive load imposed on a processing tool during processing, allows the precursor lens to be processed into a rim-shaped lens while satisfactorily maintaining its edge thickness without the lack of the edge of the precursor lens, and results in a thin lens.

Abstract: A processor includes a processor core with a core interface unit that includes an age queue and a request queue. The core interface unit receives load requests from the processor core. The request queue stores the requests in respective slots of the request queue. The age queue stores ID tags in respective age queue slots. Each ID tag in the age queue corresponds to a respective address of a load instruction in the request queue. In one embodiment, ID tags propagate through the age queue at a fixed rate of two at a time from a tail of the age queue to a head of the age queue. Arbitration control circuitry generates an enable bit vector that identifies the oldest ID tag in the age queue corresponding to the oldest load request in the request queue. The arbitration circuitry selects the identified oldest instruction in the request queue as the next to dispatch. In one embodiment, the core interface unit exhibits an input frequency that is a multiple of an internal operating frequency of the core interface unit.

Abstract: A processor includes a processor core with a core interface unit that includes an age queue and a request queue. The core interface unit receives load requests from the processor core. The request queue stores the requests in respective slots of the request queue. The age queue stores ID tags in respective age queue slots. Each ID tag in the age queue corresponds to a respective address of a load instruction in the request queue. In one embodiment, ID tags propagate through the age queue at a fixed rate of two at a time from a tail of the age queue to a head of the age queue. Arbitration control circuitry generates an enable bit vector that identifies the oldest ID tag in the age queue corresponding to the oldest load request in the request queue. The arbitration circuitry selects the identified oldest instruction in the request queue as the next to dispatch. In one embodiment, the core interface unit exhibits an input frequency that is a multiple of an internal operating frequency of the core interface unit.

Abstract: Addresses of all of dirty blocks of a cache memory are, by an update address registering section, stored in one of plural regions of an update address memory. When a certain cache block is brought to a dirty state and then suspended from the dirty state, the update address removing section removes the address from the region. When cache flush is performed, a flush executing section sequentially fetches the addresses of the dirty blocks from each region to issue, to the system bus, a command for writing-back data indicated by the address into the main memory so that the contents of all of the a dirty block are written-back into the main memory. Therefore, the cache flush apparatus according to the present invention is able to shorten time required to perform the cache flush procedure and to improve the performance of a computer system having the cache flush apparatus.

Abstract: A novel checkpoint acquisition accelerating apparatus is disclosed. When data are updated on a cache memory, a before-image acquiring section acquires the update address and the previous data and stores them in a before-image storing section. A cache flush executing section issues to a system bus a bus command requesting the contents of the updated cache block to be written-back to a main memory using all the addresses stored in the before-image storing section. A main memory restoring section, on the other hand, issues bus command requesting all the previous data stored in the before-image storing section to be updated and written in the main memory on last-in first-out basis. As a result, a checkpoint acquisition accelerating apparatus is realized which is capable of easily realizing the checkpoint and recovery function in a computer including at least a standard uniprocessor.