Abstract: A device, comprising at least one monochromatic light source configured to generate a first optical trap; an ensemble of particles disposed in the first optical trap, each particle of the ensemble of particles being excitable to a first Rydberg state and a second Rydberg state, the second Rydberg state having a blockade radius, each particle of the ensemble of particles being within the blockade radius of each other and within the blockade radius of an atomic qubit, the atomic qubit being a particle that is excitable to the second Rydberg state, the ensemble of particles having a first transmissivity at a first wavelength when neither any particle of the ensemble of particles nor the atomic qubit is in the second Rydberg state, the ensemble of particles having a second transmissivity at the first wavelength when the atomic qubit is in the second Rydberg state, the second transmissivity being lower than the first transmissivity; and a second monochromatic light source configured to drive each particle of the e