Abstract: A hydropneumatic shock absorber includes an inlet valve and an outlet valve. The inlet valve opens when the piston moves in a contracting direction so that fluid is sucked into a pump chamber, and the outlet valve opens when the piston moves in an extending direction so that the fluid is discharged from the pump chamber into a high-pressure operating chamber. Thus, the pressure in the high-pressure operating chamber does not increase when the wheel bounces, and the oscillation encountered while the vehicle is traveling is properly absorbed so that good riding comfort is realized.

Abstract: A transmission which is controlled by an electronic control unit for gear shift operation, said transmission comprising a shift actuator including a plurality of shift shafts for effecting engagement and disengagement of the transmission gears to accomplish a plurality of shift ranges and the same number of cylinders each being operatively connected with respective one of said shift shafts, said shift actuator being controlled by the signals from the electronic control unit for effecting the gear shift operation.Each of said shift shafts is operatively connected with a respective piston disposed in each cylinder by means of a select lever assigned to the piston and the shift shaft. The shift shafts axially move to engage and disengage the transmission gears. The cylinders are disposed parallel or coaxial with the shift shafts.

Abstract: An automatic transmission system in an automobile having an engine, a brake, a throttle valve, a shift lever, a clutch, and transmission gears associated with synchromesh systems. The automatic transmission system includes a throttle actuator for actuating the throttle valve, a clutch actuator for actuating the clutch, a gear selection actuator for selectively actuating the synchromesh systems to shift the transmission gears, a fluid-pressure control unit for applying working fluid pressures to the gear selection actuator, and an electronic control unit for issuing control signals to the throttle actuator, the clutch actuator, and the fluid-pressure control unit in response to detected signals indicative of a rotational speed of the engine, an operation of the brake, an operative position of the throttle valve, a selected position of the shift lever, a releasing position of the clutch, and a speed of travel of the automobile.