Abstract: A power generation element and an actuator for vibration power generation is provided that can be mass-produced at low cost while achieving increase in electromotive force. A power generation element includes a main series magnetic circuit having a frame yoke made of magnetic material and provided with a fixed portion that is one end and a free portion that is the other end across a U-shaped bent portion, a main magnet that applies a magnetic bias to the frame yoke, and a first gap formed at a position in contact with the free portion; and an auxiliary series magnetic circuit having an auxiliary yoke made of magnetic material and attached to the frame yoke, an auxiliary magnet that gives a magnetic bias to the auxiliary yoke, a second gap formed at a position facing the first gap across the free portion, the frame yoke, the main magnet, and the first gap.

Abstract: A carbon dioxide gas laser oscillation apparatus having one or more discharge tubes each having a pair of anode and cathode electrodes at least one of which is non-grounded and one or more high voltage DC power sources each connected between the pair of electrodes of each discharge tube provides with one or more conductors each being arranged on each discharge tube in the vicinity of the non-grounded electrode of the pair of electrodes but on one side of the non-grounded electrode opposite to a space between the pair of electrodes. The CO.sub.2 gas laser oscillation apparatus further provides with one or more current detection circuit for detecting a current flowing between zero-potential terminal and ground terminal of the high voltage DC power source, thereby enabling to detect an abnormal discharge within each discharge tube.

Abstract: Unbranched or less branched paraffins having 6 carbon atoms as essential components are isomerized without side reaction in high yield in the presence of hydrogen fluoride and boron trifluoride as a catalyst while keeping percent isomerization of paraffins having 6 carbon atoms lower than the equilibrium percent isomerization of the paraffins having 6 carbon atoms at a given reaction temperature, or by conducting isomerization at a plurality of stages while keeping a reaction temperature at a given stage lower than that at the preceding stage and keeping percent isomerization of paraffins having 6 carbon atoms at a given stage lower than the equilibrium percent isomerization thereof at the reaction temperature at the stage.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon is catalytically converted by using a fluorine compound represented by the general formula Z.sup.+ MF.sub.6.sup.-, wherein Z is a hydrogen atom or a hydrogen group, and M is a niobium atom, an antimony atom or a tantalum atom as a catalyst, wherein a catalytically inactive component is settled as a heavy liquid phase or deposited as a solid in a reaction product solution from the conversion of hydrocarbon, the heavy liquid phase or the solid is removed from the reaction product solution, thereby removing substantially the catalytically inactive component therefrom, and the remaining catalytically active component is reused in the conversion of hydrocarbon. An amount of a fresh catalyst solution to be supplemented is considerably reduced by effectively reusing the catalytically active component.