Abstract: Various embodiments relate to determining a lithium-plating state of a battery. Various embodiments include a method including: observing a first characteristic of a battery, observing a second characteristic of the battery, and determining, based on the first characteristic and the second characteristic, a lithium-plating state of the battery. In some embodiments, the first characteristic and the second characteristic may each be one of: a rate of change of the capacity per cycle over a number of cycles, end-of-charge rest voltage over a number of cycles, and a coulombic efficiency over a number of cycles. Related devices are also disclosed.