Abstract: A layered apparatus comprises a substrate (100), a first electrically conductive layer (102) on and in contact with the substrate (100), a second patterned electrically conductive layer (104) which is in contact with the first electrically conductive layer (102), a third electrically conductive layer (112), a fourth electrically conductive layer (114) which is electrically insulated from the first electrically conductive layer (102), the second patterned electrically conductive layer (104) and the third electrically conductive layer (112), and an operationally active layer (108) between the first electrically conductive layer (102) and the fourth electrically conductive layer (114). The second patterned electrically conductive layer (104) is thicker than the operationally active layer (108), and a top part (104A) of the second patterned electrically conductive layer (104) extends across the operationally active layer (108) for having an electrical contact with the third electrically conductive layer (112).

Abstract: A layered apparatus comprises a substrate (100), a first electrically conductive layer (102) on and in contact with the substrate (100), a second patterned electrically conductive layer (104) which is in contact with the first electrically conductive layer (102), a third electrically conductive layer (112), a fourth electrically conductive layer (114) which is electrically insulated from the first electrically conductive layer (102), the second patterned electrically conductive layer (104) and the third electrically conductive layer (112), and an operationally active layer (108) between the first electrically conductive layer (102) and the fourth electrically conductive layer (114). The second patterned electrically conductive layer (104) is thicker than the operationally active layer (108), and a top part (104A) of the second patterned electrically conductive layer (104) extends across the operationally active layer (108) for having an electrical contact with the third electrically conductive layer (112).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preventing the oxidation of metals in thermal spraying by coating the metallic powders to be used with nanocarbides, to a coating achieved using the method as well as to a method for treating the metal powder with nanocarbides. The methods according to the invention are suitable for all metal powders used in thermal spraying and, as the invention enables the use of cheaper materials, they are economically extremely advantageous.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for preventing the oxidation of metals in thermal spraying by coating the metallic powders to be used with nanocarbides, to a coating achieved using the method as well as to a method for treating the metal powder with nanocarbides. The methods according to the invention are suitable for all metal powders used in thermal spraying and, as the invention enables the use of cheaper materials, they are economically extremely advantageous.