Abstract: The proposed invention uses a classical chemical equation where carbon dioxide CO2 is reacted with quick lime Ca(OH)2 to produce soda carb NaHCO3 and concentrating it to 6% using advanced membrane and resin technology. The invention requires three chemicals CO2, Ca(OH)2, and sodium chloride NaCl to produce NaHCO3. The output of many industrial processes lacks waste heat and in many instances CO2 and the present invention combines a solid waste processing unit to the above processes which allows the production of solid products or high % liquors. Availability of waste heat sources can lead to high efficiency in NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and NaOH production. The process is not chloro-alkali electrochemical or Solvay column ammonia processing technique. Advanced membrane uses technologies of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems while resin technology uses ion exchange systems. Therefore, we conveniently call it the solid waste-quicklime membrane SWQM process.

Abstract: The proposed invention uses industrial byproducts such as fly ash in an ion exchange/reverse osmosis (IE/RO) patented technology to sequester carbon dioxide CO2 gas and produce 6 to 7% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) liquor. Similar materials encompass alkaline Fly Ash (AFA) liquor, alkaline red mud (ARM), coal ash, wood ash, and similar natural byproduct materials that are rich in metallic oxides. The process uses AFA or ARM at the input of an IE/RO process where the hydroxides (OH?) get extracted and concentrated for CO2 gas sequestration. The remaining insoluble byproduct material is used in civil works such as construction and road industry. Ion exchange modules are used to remove all multivalent ionic impurities while a reverse osmosis (RO) skid concentrates the carbonated liquor up to 6 to 7% liquor (or 10% in advanced RO). The process is not an electrochemical chloro-alkali battery nor related to the ammonical Solvay process.

Abstract: The proposed invention uses ion exchange technology to produce dilute caustic soda liquor from calcium hydroxide liquor Ca(OH)2 followed by the reaction of carbon dioxide CO2 with caustic soda to produce dilute sodium carbonate solution. Multiple reverse osmosis and acidic CO2 sparging can concentrate the Na2CO3 liquor to 6-7%. The 6-7% liquor is treated with waste heat to produce 50% or solid Na2CO3. The 6-7% liquor can be treated with Ca(OH)2 to produce 6-7% NaOH liquor then can be transformed to 50% or solid NaOH. The output of many industrial processes generates waste heat, brine water and CO2 and the present invention combines these components in the production of solid Na2CO3, NaOH or their high % liquors. Availability of waste heat sources can lead to higher efficiency in Na2CO3 and NaOH production. The process is not electrochemical chloro alkali technology or Solvay process.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention provides ion-exchange and gas-diffusion membranes, fabricated by a layer-by-layer approach, for use, e.g., in electrochemical cells; a process for making membrane electrode assemblies fabricated using porous frameworks, LBL composite membranes and LBL carbon-Polymer electrodes; and the application of the membrane and electrode assemblies to a variety of devices, both electrochemical and otherwise.

Abstract: The proposed invention uses a classical chemical equation where carbon dioxide CO2 is reacted with quick lime Ca(OH)2 to produce soda carb NaHCO3 and concentrating it to 6% using advanced membrane and resin technology. The invention requires three chemicals CO2, Ca(OH)2, and sodium chloride NaCl to produce NaHCO3. The output of many industrial processes lacks waste heat and in many instances CO2 and the present invention combines a solid waste processing unit to the above processes which allows the production of solid products or high % liquors. Availability of waste heat sources can lead to high efficiency in NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and NaOH production. The process is not chloro-alkali electrochemical or Solvay column ammonia processing technique. Advanced membrane uses technologies of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration systems while resin technology uses ion exchange systems. Therefore, we conveniently call it the solid waste-quicklime membrane SWQM process.

Abstract: Novel methods and apparatus for thin film layer-by-layer depositions on substrates is provided. More specifically, provided herein is a layer-by-layer deposition of polymers and colloids on substrates of varying sizes and shapes including, for example, flat solid substrates, powder surfaces, flat porous sheets, and micro-porous pipes. Still more specifically, this disclosure relates to an apparatus that can be used to automate the deposition of ultra-thin layers on various substrates of varying sizes and shapes using layer-by-layer deposition and a method for doing the same.

Abstract: One aspect of the invention provides ion-exchange and gas-diffusion membranes, fabricated by a layer-by-layer approach, for use, e.g., in electrochemical cells; a process for making membrane electrode assemblies fabricated using porous frameworks, LBL composite membranes and LBL carbon-Polymer electrodes; and the application of the membrane and electrode assemblies to a variety of devices, both electrochemical and otherwise.