Abstract: Described herein is a method implemented by circuitry for providing fault tolerance in a combinational circuit. The circuitry identifies sensitive gates of the circuit that require protection from at least one of a first type of fault and a second type of fault. Further, circuitry computes for each first type of transistor included in the sensitive gate, a first failure probability, and for each second type of transistor included in the sensitive gate, a second failure probability. The circuitry calculates a first parameter corresponding to a number of the first type of transistors for which the computed first failure probabilities exceed a first predetermined threshold and a second parameter corresponding to a number of second type of transistors for which the computed second failure probabilities exceed a second predetermined threshold to determine a protection type based on an area overhead constraint.

Abstract: Described herein is a method implemented by circuitry for providing fault tolerance in a combinational circuit. The circuitry identifies sensitive gates of the circuit that require protection from at least one of a first type of fault and a second type of fault. Further, circuitry computes for each first type of transistor included in the sensitive gate, a first failure probability, and for each second type of transistor included in the sensitive gate, a second failure probability. The circuitry calculates a first parameter corresponding to a number of the first type of transistors for which the computed first failure probabilities exceed a first predetermined threshold and a second parameter corresponding to a number of second type of transistors for which the computed second failure probabilities exceed a second predetermined threshold to determine a protection type based on an area overhead constraint.

Abstract: An electronic smoking-substitute device 110 includes a tube containing a reservoir 310 containing a liquid. The liquid includes a substance to be inhaled by the user, for example a nicotine dilution. The device also has a heating element 320, the heating element is a coil and is in direct contact with the reservoir 310. A power source 340 is arranged to power the heating element.