Abstract: A problem to be resolved by the invention resides in providing a multifunction analyzing apparatus for detecting a shape with high resolution and physical property information capable of not only successively reading a base arrangement from end to end but also specifying a position hybridized by known RNA with regard to a single piece of DNA elongated in one direction on a board. A microscope system of the invention is provided with a fluorescence microscope, a scanning near field microscope and a scanning probe microscope as a detecting system, the microscopes are fixed to a switching mechanism and can be moved to a position at which the various microscopes can observe the same portion of a sample by switching operation of the mechanism. The microscope system of the invention is provided with a function capable of directly detecting a shape and physical property information of one piece of DNA by the scanning probe microscope by multifunction scanning.

Abstract: A mind-body correlation data evaluation apparatus includes a stimulation providing section which provides stimulation to motivate an action of a subject, a physiological response data collecting section which collects physiological response data of the subject, a subjective rating and action rating data collecting section which collects subjective rating data and action rating data of the subject, a control and calculating section which evaluates a mind-body state of the subject based on the stimulation, and at least one of the physiological response data, the subjective rating data, and the action rating data, and a data feed-back section which feeds back to the subject at least the mind-body state of the subject.

Abstract: A problem to be resolved by the invention resides in providing a multifunction analyzing apparatus for detecting a shape with high resolution and physical property information capable of not only successively reading a base arrangement from end to end but also specifying a position hybridized by known RNA with regard to a single piece of DNA elongated in one direction on a board. A microscope system of the invention is provided with a fluorescence microscope, a scanning near field microscope and a scanning probe microscope as a detecting system, the microscopes are fixed to a switching mechanism and can be moved to a position at which the various microscopes can observe the same portion of a sample by switching operation of the mechanism. The microscope system of the invention is provided with a function capable of directly detecting a shape and physical property information of one piece of DNA by the scanning probe microscope by multifunction scanning.

Abstract: A part fabricating apparatus has a holder for holding an object to be machined immersed in an electrolytic solution. A machining electrode subjects a surface of the object to an electrochemical reaction to electrolytically machine the surface of the object. The machining electrode has a sharp-edged tip and is coated with an insulator except for the sharp-edged tip. A spacing changing unit detects and changes a spacing between the surface of the object and the machining electrode. A potential/current control unit controls a potential/current on the machining electrode. An electrolytic solution changing unit supplies a first electrolytic solution for subjecting the surface of the object to be machined to a removal process to fabricate a cast mold, supplies a second electrolytic solution for depositing a first metal on a surface of the cast mold to form a first metal layer, and supplies a third electrolytic solution for depositing a second metal inside the cast mold to form a part.

Abstract: An apparatus capable of measuring the topography and the optical characteristics of the surface of a sample at high resolution irrespective of the transmittance and the conductivity of the sample is realized. The apparatus comprises a probe, a light source for illuminating a sample with light, a photoelectric converter device and optics for receiving light transmitted through the sample or light reflected by the sample, a laser emitting laser light for detecting deflections of the probe, a condenser lens for directing the laser light to the rear surface of the probe, a detection system for detecting reflected light, a rough-motion mechanism and a fine-motion mechanism for moving the sample and the probe relative to each other, a control means for controlling the distance between the sample and the probe, and a computer for controlling the whole apparatus. The probe has a front end portion and a light-propagating body continuous with the front end portion.

Abstract: A part fabricating method comprises the steps of machining an object to fabricate a part cast mold, depositing a first metal on a surface of the cast mold to form a first metal layer, and depositing a second metal different in kind from the first metal inside the cast mold to form a part. The first metal layer is then selectively removed to take out the part formed inside the cast mold.

Abstract: A quartz oscillator for detecting a physicochemical change in a substance to be measured comprises a first electrode having at least two separate electrode portions for contact with the substance to be measured, and a second electrode. A chemical measuring instrument comprises a piezoelectric characteristic-measuring circuit having an output signal line connected to capacitors connected in parallel to the separate electrode portions of the first electrode of the quartz oscillator. An input signal line of the piezoelectric characteristic-measuring circuit is connected to the second electrode of the quartz oscillator. A voltage application circuit is connected to one of the separate electrode portions of the first electrode for applying a voltage between the separate electrode portions. An electrical current-measuring circuit is connected to the other of the separate electrode portions which is electrically grounded.

Abstract: An electrochemical machining method in which a work piece and a machining electrode are opposed to each other and dipped in an electrolyte solution, and a surface of the work piece is machined by causing an electrolytic reaction between the surface of the work piece and a tip of the machining electrode in a state where a separating distance between the surface of the work piece and the tip of the machining electrode is adjusted and a desired separating distance is maintained, wherein a zero contact reference position where the surface of the work piece and the tip of the machining electrode are brought into contact with each other and the separating distance between the work piece and the machining electrode is nullified is electrically detected, moving distances of the work piece and the machining electrode from the zero contact reference position are detected, a relative separating distance between the surface of the work piece and the tip of the machining electrode is calculated based on a result of the de

Abstract: A process is disclosed for sequencing proteins or peptides from the C-terminal end. The process comprises the steps of reacting the peptide or protein with an alkyl acid anhydride to convert the carboxy-terminal thereof into oxazolone, liberating the C-terminal amino acid by reaction with acid and alcohol or with ester, and identifying the liberated amino acid or amino acid derivative.

Abstract: A protein or peptide which has an amino-terminus serine or threonine which has an acetylated alpha-amino group is allowed to react with an acid, and then allowed to react with an isothiocyanate under acidic conditions to thereby obtain a thiocarbamyl compound. Then the compound is to be analyzed using Edman degradation. Analysis can be performed with fewer operation steps and without using enzymes.

Abstract: A method for performing fine working of a material by electrochemical reaction comprises a two-step scanning operation in which a surface topography of the material is obtained during a first scan which is used to control the position of a probe during a second scan in which an electrochemical reaction is performed. During the first scan, an electrochemical cell is constructed with a four-electrode system, including the probe, a material to be worked, a reference electrode and a counter electrode. The potential of each of the probe and the material to be worked is set so that no electrochemical reaction occurs during the first scan. Data representative of the surface topography is stored and used to control the position of the probe during the second scan in which an electrochemical cell is constructed with a three-electrode system, including the probe, the material, and the reference electrode.

Abstract: A process for synthesizing iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) as a blue insoluble product on the surface of a working electrode is disclosed which comprises immersing a pair of electrodes in a solution mixture of an iron(III) ion-containing solution and a hexacyanoferrate(III) ion-containing solution and effecting electrolysis with one of the electrodes as an anode and the other as a cathode, whereby iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II) is deposited on the surface of the cathode.

Abstract: In order to enhance the sensitivity of a nondestructive testing system, a pair of superconducting coils are disposed in the same plane such that a current flowing through the respective coils when exposed to a uniform magnetic field cancels out. As a result of this configuration, the detection coils are immune to noise, offset fields or other uniform ambient phenomena. In one embodiment, the nondestructive testing unit includes a plurality of detection coils, a SQUID having a pair of connectors for connection to the detection coils, a probe for supporting the detection coils and the SQUID in a coolant, a cryostat for supporting the probe and for keeping the coolant constant, a controller for processing a signal transmitted from the SQUID, and a display device for displaying the result of the processing. At least two detection coils are disposed in the same plane, are directly connected to the SQUID and are integrated on a semiconductor substrate.

Abstract: A method of forming a mask for photolithography comprises forming a transparent conductive film on a transparent substrate. The substrate and an electrode having a sharp front end are immersed in an electrolytic solution. The sharp front end of the electrode and the transparent film are then positioned close to each other while controlling a distance therebetween. The substrate and the electrode are then scanned relative to each other in two-dimensions while maintaining the distance between the sharp front end of the electrode and the transparent film constant. Thereafter, an electrochemical reaction is processed on the substrate while a voltage is applied between the transparent film and the electrode to form a mask pattern on the substrate. During repair of the mask thus formed, the substrate and the electrode are immersed in the electrolytic solution.

Abstract: There is provided an optical memory medium comprising a flat plate modified on the surface thereof by a photolytic residual group, an optical recording apparatus comprising an optical probe having a microscopic aperture on the leading end thereof, a light source, X-Y-Z position control means, and a controller for controlling the apparatus as whole and an apparatus for reading the optical memory medium comprising the optical memory medium, a friction detecting probe, an X-Y-Z position control means and a controller for controlling the apparatus as a whole.

Abstract: There is provided an optical memory medium comprising a flat plate modified on the surface thereof by a photolytic residual group, an optical recording apparatus comprising an optical probe having a microscopic aperture on the leading end thereof, a light source, X-Y-Z position control means, and a controller for controlling the apparatus as whole and an apparatus for reading the optical memory medium comprising the optical memory medium, a friction detecting probe, an X-Y-Z position control means and a controller for controlling the apparatus as a whole.

Abstract: An optical scan type tunnel microscope based on a new principle, having higher resolution, is provided. The apparatus of the invention is comprised of at least an optical fiber 3 whose head portion is covered by an energy acceptor 6, a prism on which a sample which contains an energy donator 7 or is covered by the energy donator 7 is placed, a XY-axis transfer mechanism 9, XY-axis control mechanism 10, Z-axis transfer mechanism 11, Z-axis control mechanism 12, light source 13, optical system 14, and an optical detecting system 15.

Abstract: A high resolution observation apparatus of material features with a photon scanning microscope. The apparatus detects evanescent light which depends on surface feature of a sample and detects detailed distribution of optical constants of the sample. Namely, the apparatus makes it possible to detect detailed distribution of transparency or refractive index within a sample material in higher resolution than the wavelength of the incident light which is irradiates to the sample material coated on the top surface of the optical prism. The apparatus includes means for maintaining a predetermined distance between the sample and an optical fiber tip or means for detecting a positioning signal. Further, it becomes possible to detect fluorescent condition of the sample.

Abstract: Peptide or protein are immobilized on a solid surface and exposed to acid mixture for hydrolysis. The acid mixture comprises mainly hydrocloride and trifruoracetic acid. The temperature of it is in the range of 100.degree. to 180.degree. C. The time period of exposing is in the range of 5 to 120 min.

Abstract: An output section comprising a needle which has a fine tip portion. A data stored in a memory is read out by applying electrical stimulation between the tip portion of the needle and the memory. A memory reading apparatus enables non-contact reading on an atomic or molecular scale.